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Radial force variation or road force variation [1] (RFV) is a property of a tire that affects steering, traction, braking and load support.High values of RFV for a given tire reflect a high level of manufacturing variations in the tire structure that will impart ride disturbances into the vehicle in the vertical direction.
The lateral force variation can be expressed as a peak-to-peak value, which is the maximum minus minimum value, or any harmonic value as described above. Lateral force is signed, such that when mounted on the vehicle, the lateral force may be positive, making the vehicle pull to the left, or negative, pulling to the right.
Foreign material, such as road tar, stones, ice, or snow, that is stuck in a tire's tread or otherwise adhered to the tire or wheel may also cause a temporary unbalance and subsequent vibration. Uneven weight distribution in the wheel and tire assembly can result from manufacturing inaccuracies, uneven tread wear, damage over time, or improper ...
Two-plane, or dynamic, balancing is necessary if the out-of-balance couple at speed needs to be balanced. The second plane used is in the opposite wheel. Two-plane, or dynamic, balancing of a locomotive wheel set is known as cross-balancing. [11] Cross-balancing was not recommended by the American Railway Association until 1931.
To facilitate proper balancing, most tire manufacturers also mark red circles (uniformity) and/or yellow dots (weight) on the sidewalls of their tires to enable the best possible match-mounting of the tire/wheel assembly.
UTQG ratings on sidewall of Toyo Tires Proxes R39 tire UTQG ratings (top) and tire code (bottom) on sidewall of Continental ContiProContact tire. Uniform Tire Quality Grading, commonly abbreviated as UTQG, is a set of standards for passenger car tires that measures a tire's treadwear, temperature resistance and traction.
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The total braking force cannot exceed the gravity force on the rider and bike times the coefficient of friction μ of the tire on the ground. mgμ >= Ff + Fr . A skid occurs if the ratio of either Ff over Nf or Fr over Nr is greater than μ , with a rear wheel skid having less of a negative impact on lateral stability.