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In mathematics, equivalent definitions are used in two somewhat different ways. First, within a particular mathematical theory (for example, Euclidean geometry ), a notion (for example, ellipse or minimal surface ) may have more than one definition.
In logic and mathematics, statements and are said to be logically equivalent if they have the same truth value in every model. [1] The logical equivalence of p {\displaystyle p} and q {\displaystyle q} is sometimes expressed as p ≡ q {\displaystyle p\equiv q} , p :: q {\displaystyle p::q} , E p q {\displaystyle {\textsf {E}}pq} , or p q ...
Wherever logic is applied, especially in mathematical discussions, it has the same meaning as above: it is an abbreviation for if and only if, indicating that one statement is both necessary and sufficient for the other. This is an example of mathematical jargon (although, as noted above, if is more often used than iff in statements of definition).
The first edition of the book includes over 150 statements in mathematics that are equivalent to the axiom of choice, including some that are novel to the book. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This edition is divided into two parts, the first involving notions expressed using sets and the second involving classes instead of sets.
In category theory, a branch of abstract mathematics, an equivalence of categories is a relation between two categories that establishes that these categories are "essentially the same". There are numerous examples of categorical equivalences from many areas of mathematics.
The first use of an equals sign, equivalent to + = in modern notation. From The Whetstone of Witte (1557) by Robert Recorde. Recorde's introduction of =."And to avoid the tedious repetition of these words: "is equal to" I will set as I do often in work use, a pair of parallels, or twin lines of one [the same] length, thus: ==, because no 2 things can be more equal." [5]
Equality (mathematics) Equality operator; Equipollence (geometry) Equivalence (measure theory) Equivalence class; Equivalence of categories; Equivalence of metrics; Equivalence relation; Equivalence test; Equivalent definitions of mathematical structures; Equivalent infinitesimal; Equivalent latitude; Exponentially equivalent measures ...
In mathematics, a characterization of an object is a set of conditions that, while possibly different from the definition of the object, is logically equivalent to it. [1] To say that "Property P characterizes object X" is to say that not only does X have property P, but that X is the only thing that has property P (i.e., P is a defining ...
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