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As a result, it has become common to examine the factors that influence the energy cost of running in an attempt to predict or improve running performance. There are many factors that may affect the energy cost of running, including age, training, stride rate and frequency, shoe weight, wind resistance, and even air density. [7]
In the 400 meters, the strategy proven to be the most effective is starting off at a 70-75% pace and working up to 100%, or known as the threshold pace strategy. Examples of this race plan are Michael Johnson’s former World Record of 43.18 in 1999 and Cathy Freeman’s Olympic Gold Medal in 2000, [ 15 ] both 400 meters runners who benefited ...
Race time prediction formula, running course certification. Peter Riegel (January 30, 1935 – May 28, 2018) was an American research engineer who developed a mathematical formula for predicting race times for runners and other athletes given a certain performance at another distance.
Conversely, running at speeds slower than 2.0 m/s was suggested to be more costly than walking at these speeds. This view was largely unchallenged until the late 1980s. Since that time, several studies have shown that transitioning from walking to running actually resulted in an increase in energy expenditure, while other studies have supported ...
The test score is the time taken on the test, in minutes. This can also be converted to an estimated maximal oxygen uptake score using the calculator below and the following formulas, where the value "T" is the total time completed (expressed in minutes and fractions of a minute e.g. 9 minutes 15 seconds = 9.25 minutes). As with many exercise ...
A pace is a unit of length consisting either of one normal walking step (approximately 0.75 metres or 30 inches), or of a double step, returning to the same foot (approximately 1.5 metres or 60 inches). The normal pace length decreases with age and some health conditions. [1]
The Cooper test which was designed by Kenneth H. Cooper in 1968 for US military use is a physical fitness test. [1] [2] [3] In its original form, the point of the test is to run as far as possible within 12 minutes.
Running economy (RE) a complex, multifactorial concept that represents the sum of metabolic, cardiorespiratory, biomechanical and neuromuscular efficiency during running. [1]: 33 [2] [3] Oxygen consumption (VO 2) is the most commonly used method for measuring running economy, as the exchange of gases in the body, specifically oxygen and carbon dioxide, closely reflects energy metabolism.