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The Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol is used in UMTS, LTE and 5G on the Air interface. It is a layer 3 (Network Layer) protocol used between UE and Base Station. This protocol is specified by 3GPP in TS 25.331 [2] for UMTS, in TS 36.331 [3] for LTE and in TS 38.331 [4] for 5G New Radio. RRC messages are transported via the PDCP-Protocol.
The Radio Network Controller (RNC) is a governing element in the UMTS radio access network and is responsible for controlling the Node Bs that are connected to it. The RNC carries out radio resource management , some of the mobility management functions and is the point where encryption is done before user data is sent to and from the mobile.
Networks on LTE bands 7, 28 (LTE-FDD) are suitable for global roaming in ITU Regions 1, 2 and 3. Networks on LTE bands 1, 3 (LTE-FDD) are suitable for roaming in ITU Regions 1, 3 and partially Region 2 (e.g. Costa Rica, Venezuela, Brazil and some Caribbean countries or territories. Networks on LTE band 20 (LTE-FDD) are suitable for roaming in ...
The pre-4G 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology is often branded "4G – LTE", but the first LTE release does not fully comply with the IMT-Advanced requirements. LTE has a theoretical net bit rate capacity of up to 100 Mbit/s in the downlink and 50 Mbit/s in the uplink if a 20 MHz channel is used — and more if multiple-input multiple ...
In March 2019, the Global Mobile Suppliers Association reported that there were now 717 operators with commercially launched LTE networks (broadband fixed wireless access and or mobile). [71] The following is a list of top 10 countries/territories by 4G LTE coverage as measured by OpenSignal.com in February/March 2019. [72] [73]
The LTE specification inherently supports SON features like Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) detection, which is the 3GPP LTE Rel. 8 flagship feature. [ 3 ] Newly added base stations should be self-configured in line with a "plug-and-play" paradigm while all operational base stations will regularly self-optimize parameters and algorithmic ...
For technical details on LTE and a list of its designated operating frequencies, bands, and roaming possibilities, see LTE frequency bands. Bands 33 to 53 are assigned to TDD-LTE. Note: This list of network deployments does not imply any widespread deployment or national coverage.
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) is a collective term for the network and equipment that connects mobile handsets to the public telephone network or the Internet. It contains the base stations, which are called Node B 's and Radio Network Controllers (RNCs) [ 1 ] which make up the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS ...