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[3] [4] Overall, visualization is most successful in the second trimester, [13] however routine ultrasound examination in the second trimester may not detect velamentous cord insertion if the condition develops after the remodelling of the placenta as gestation advances. [10]
[3] There are three types of vasa praevia. In Type 1, there is a velamentous insertion with vessels crossing the cervix. In Type 2, the placenta is bilobed or has a succenturiate lobe, with unprotected vessels between the lobes. In Type 3, a portion of the placenta overlying the cervix has atrophied, leaving vessels at a margin exposed. [3]
Complications may include placenta accreta, dangerously low blood pressure, or bleeding after delivery. [2] [4] Complications for the baby may include fetal growth restriction. [1] Risk factors include pregnancy at an older age and smoking as well as prior cesarean section, labor induction, or termination of pregnancy.
Leaving the placenta in situ and not removing it has been the main approach, specifically for those experiencing placenta percreta, as findings suggest that it can mitigate the high hemorrhage or tissue injury risk that can be caused by a hysterectomy [4]. Furthermore, this is a more practical approach for mothers who want to bear more children ...
Presentation of twins in Der Rosengarten ("The Rose Garden"), a German standard medical text for midwives published in 1513. In obstetrics, the presentation of a fetus about to be born specifies which anatomical part of the fetus is leading, that is, is closest to the pelvic inlet of the birth canal.
In obstetrics, a cephalic presentation or head presentation or head-first presentation is a situation at childbirth where the fetus is in a longitudinal lie and the head enters the pelvis first; the most common form of cephalic presentation is the vertex presentation, where the occiput is the leading part (the part that first enters the birth canal). [1]
Histopathology of placenta with increased syncytial knotting of chorionic villi, with two knots pointed out. The following characteristics of placentas have been said to be associated with placental insufficiency, however all of them occur in normal healthy placentas and full term healthy births, so none of them can be used to accurately diagnose placental insufficiency: [citation needed]
The fetal membranes surround the developing embryo and form the fetal-maternal interface. [3] The fetal membranes are derived from the trophoblast layer (outer layer of cells) of the implanting blastocyst. [3] The trophoblast layer differentiates into amnion and the chorion, which then comprise the fetal membranes. [4]