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Carbohydrate metabolism is the whole of the biochemical processes responsible for the metabolic formation, breakdown, and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms. Carbohydrates are central to many essential metabolic pathways . [ 1 ]
Metabolic abnormalities such as diabetes, renal glycosuria, or glycogen storage disease. Dietary conditions such as starvation, fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, prolonged vomiting, and anorexia including caused by hyperemesis gravidarum. Conditions in which metabolism is increased, such as hyperthyroidism, fever, pregnancy or lactation.
Trace levels of ketones are always present in the blood and increase when blood glucose reserves are low and the liver shifts from primarily metabolizing carbohydrates to metabolizing fatty acids. [2] This occurs during states of increased fatty acid oxidation such as fasting, starvation, carbohydrate restriction, or prolonged exercise.
On average, the starvation response of the individuals after isolation was a 750-kilojoule (180-kilocalorie) reduction in daily total energy expenditure. 250 kJ (60 kcal) of the starvation response was explained by a reduction in fat-free mass and fat mass. An additional 270 kJ (65 kcal) was explained by a reduction in fidgeting. The remaining ...
In ruminants, because dietary carbohydrates tend to be metabolized by rumen organisms, gluconeogenesis occurs regardless of fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, exercise, etc. [3] In many other animals, the process occurs during periods of fasting, starvation, low-carbohydrate diets, or intense exercise.
Ketogenesis takes place in the setting of low glucose levels in the blood, after exhaustion of other cellular carbohydrate stores, such as glycogen. [10] It can also take place when there is insufficient insulin (e.g. in type 1 (and less commonly type 2) diabetes), particularly during periods of "ketogenic stress" such as intercurrent illness. [4]
Ketone bodies are water-soluble molecules or compounds that contain the ketone groups produced from fatty acids by the liver (ketogenesis). [1] [2] Ketone bodies are readily transported into tissues outside the liver, where they are converted into acetyl-CoA (acetyl-Coenzyme A) – which then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and is oxidized for energy.
George F. Cahill Jr. (July 7, 1927 – July 30, 2012) was an American scientist who significantly advanced the diabetes mellitus research of the 20th century. [1] He focused on metabolic research, especially concerning human glucose metabolism in diabetic and normal conditions; he also investigated the effect of hunger and fasting on metabolic pathways and ketose processes.