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Valerian has been used in herbal medicine for insomnia and conditions associated with anxiety; however, there is no good evidence that it is effective for these purposes. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The chemical is 3-methylbutyric acid, also known as isovaleric acid or isopentanoic acid.
Valerian (V. officinalis) essential oil. Although valerian is a common traditional medicine used for treating insomnia, there is no good evidence it is effective for this purpose. [3] [5] [21] Valerian has not been shown to be helpful in treating restless leg syndrome [22] or anxiety. [23]
Diazepam, sold under the brand name Valium among others, is a medicine of the benzodiazepine family that acts as an anxiolytic. [15] It is used to treat a range of conditions, including anxiety, seizures, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, muscle spasms, insomnia, and restless legs syndrome. [15]
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The source for the data below is the OECD Health Statistics 2018, released by the OECD in June 2018 and updated on 8 November 2018. [1]The unit of measurement used by the OECD is defined daily dose (DDD), defined as "the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used on its main indication in adults". [2]
Valerenic acid may be at least partly responsible for valerian's sedative effects, in addition to the other valerenic acids hydroxyvalerenic acid and acetoxyvalerenic acid. [3] [1] Valerian supplements are often standardized to contain a particular amount of valerenic acid by weight (often 0.8%). [3]
The normal starting dosage range of clorazepate is 15 to 60 mg per day. The drug is to be taken two to four times per day. Dosages as high as 90 to 120 mg per day may be used in the treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal. In the United States and Canada, clorazepate is available in 3.75, 7.5, and 15 mg capsules or tablets.
Higher dosage does, however, increase the incidence and severity of adverse events associated with excessive 5-HT re-uptake inhibition. [ 6 ] Figure 2 Inhibition of re-uptake transport proteins, e.g. SERT, results in increased concentration of neurotransmitters, e.g. 5-HT, in the synaptic cleft, leading to improvement of depression symptoms
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