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The term pessimism derives from the Latin word pessimus, meaning 'the worst'.It was first used by Jesuit critics of Voltaire's 1759 novel Candide, ou l'Optimisme.Voltaire was satirizing the philosophy of Leibniz who maintained that this was the 'best (optimum) of all possible worlds'.
An idiom is a common word or phrase with a figurative, non-literal meaning that is understood culturally and differs from what its composite words' denotations would suggest; i.e. the words together have a meaning that is different from the dictionary definitions of the individual words (although some idioms do retain their literal meanings – see the example "kick the bucket" below).
A slang dictionary is a reference book containing an alphabetical list of slang, which is vernacular vocabulary not generally acceptable in formal usage, usually including information given for each word, including meaning, pronunciation, and etymology.
The Septic's Companion: A British Slang Dictionary – an online dictionary of British slang, viewable alphabetically or by category. English slang and colloquialisms used in the United Kingdom; Roger's Profanisaurus An online version of the list of vulgar definitions which occasionally appears in Viz magazine
Urban Dictionary is a crowdsourced English-language online dictionary for slang words and phrases. The website was founded in 1999 by Aaron Peckham. Originally, Urban Dictionary was intended as a dictionary of slang or cultural words and phrases, not typically found in standard English dictionaries, but it is now used to define any word, event, or phrase (including sexually explicit content).
Detroit slang is an ever-evolving dictionary of words and phrases with roots in regional Michigan, the Motown music scene, African-American communities and drug culture, among others. The local ...
A specialized dictionary is a dictionary that covers a relatively restricted set of phenomena. The definitive book on the subject (Cowie 2009) includes chapters on some of the dictionaries included below: synonyms; pronunciations; names (place names and personal names) phrases and idioms; dialect terms; slang; quotations; etymologies; rhymes ...
The word pessimism comes from Latin pessimus, meaning "the worst".The term "optimism" was first used to name Leibniz's thesis that we live in "the best of all possible worlds"; and "pessimism" was coined to name the opposing view.