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Lenz's law states that the direction of the electric current induced in a conductor by a changing magnetic field is such that the magnetic field created by the induced current opposes changes in the initial magnetic field. It is named after physicist Heinrich Lenz, who formulated it in 1834. [1]
The covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism refers to ways of writing the laws of classical electromagnetism (in particular, Maxwell's equations and the Lorentz force) in a form that is manifestly invariant under Lorentz transformations, in the formalism of special relativity using rectilinear inertial coordinate systems.
It is also known as the Laplace vector, [13] [14] the Runge–Lenz vector [15] and the Lenz vector. [8] Ironically, none of those scientists discovered it. [ 15 ] The LRL vector has been re-discovered and re-formulated several times; [ 15 ] for example, it is equivalent to the dimensionless eccentricity vector of celestial mechanics .
Lenz's law describes the direction of the induced field. Faraday's law was later generalized to become the Maxwell–Faraday equation, one of the four Maxwell equations in his theory of electromagnetism .
the constant is the permeability of free space, commonly called , divided by ; in the absence of magnetically reactive insulation the value 200 is exact when using the classical definition of μ 0 = 4π × 10 −7 H/m, and correct to 7 decimal places when using the 2019-redefined SI value of μ 0 = 1.256 637 062 12 (19) × 10 −6 H/m.
Wilhelm Lenz (February 8, 1888 in Frankfurt am Main – April 30, 1957 in Hamburg) was a German physicist, most notable for his invention of the Ising model [1] (named after his student, Ernst Ising), and for his application of the Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector to the old quantum mechanical treatment of hydrogen-like atoms.
That is, the back-EMF is also due to inductance and Faraday's law, but occurs even when the motor current is not changing, and arises from the geometric considerations of an armature spinning in a magnetic field. This voltage is in series with and opposes the original applied voltage and is called "back-electromotive force" (by Lenz's law).
Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz (German: [ˈeːmɪl ˈlɛnts]; also Emil Khristianovich Lenz; Russian: Эми́лий Христиа́нович Ленц; 12 February 1804 – 10 February 1865), usually cited as Emil Lenz [1] [2] or Heinrich Lenz in some countries, was an Estonian physicist who is most noted for formulating Lenz's law in electrodynamics in 1834.