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This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 26 February 2025. Plant species, recreational drug (kratom) Mitragyna speciosa Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Gentianales Family: Rubiaceae Genus: Mitragyna Species: M ...
Mitragynine is an indole-based alkaloid and is one of the main psychoactive constituents in the Southeast Asian plant Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom. [4] It is an atypical opioid that is typically consumed as a part of kratom for its pain-relieving and euphoric effects.
ACIP statements are official federal recommendations for the use of vaccines and immune globulins in the U.S., and are published by the CDC. ACIP reports directly to the CDC director, although its management and support services are provided by CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. [1]
Hepatotoxicity and drug-induced liver injury also account for a substantial number of compound failures, highlighting the need for toxicity prediction models (e.g. DTI), [2] and drug screening assays, such as stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells, that are capable of detecting toxicity early in the drug development process. [3]
A hepatotoxin (Gr., hepato = liver) is a toxic chemical substance that damages the liver.. It can be a side-effect, but hepatotoxins are also found naturally, such as microcystins and pyrrolizidine alkaloids, or in laboratory environments, such as carbon tetrachloride, or far more pervasively in the form of ethanol (drinking alcohol).
7-Hydroxymitragynine (7-OH) is a terpenoid indole alkaloid from the plant Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom. [2] It was first described in 1994 [3] and is a human metabolite metabolized from mitragynine present in the Mitragyna speciosa. 7-OH binds to opioid receptors like mitragynine, but research suggests that 7-OH binds with greater efficacy.
Hepatotoxicity. [14] Ketorolac: 1993 France, Germany, others Hemorrhage, Kidney Failure. [3] L-tryptophan: 1989 Germany, UK Eosinophilic myalgia syndrome. [3] Still sold in the US Levamisole (Ergamisol) 1999 US Still used as veterinary drug and as a human antihelminthic in many markets; listed on the WHO List of Essential Medicines.
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