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Variance (accounting) In budgeting, and management accounting in general, a variance is the difference between a budgeted, planned, or standard cost and the actual amount incurred/sold. Variances can be computed for both costs and revenues. The concept of variance is intrinsically connected with planned and actual results and effects of the ...
When looking at the differences between a fixed budget and flexible budget, it is important to know the pros and cons. Here’s a look at the advantages and disadvantages of a fixed budget. Pros ...
Performance-based budgeting. Performance-based budgeting is the practice of developing budgets based on the relationship between program funding levels and expected results from that program. The performance-based budgeting process is a tool that program administrators use to manage budget outlays more cost-efficiently and effectively.
Zero-based budgeting (ZBB) is a budgeting method that requires all expenses to be justified and approved in each new budget period, typically each year. It was developed by Peter Pyhrr in the 1970s. This budgeting method analyzes an organization's needs and costs by starting from a "zero base" (meaning no funding allocation) at the beginning of ...
e. Cost accounting is defined by the Institute of Management Accountants as "a systematic set of procedures for recording and reporting measurements of the cost of manufacturing goods and performing services in the aggregate and in detail. It includes methods for recognizing, allocating, aggregating and reporting such costs and comparing them ...
Envelope system. A person using the envelope system, putting aside money into a ring binder of labelled plastic envelopes. The envelope system, also known as the envelope budgeting method or cash stuffing, is a popular personal budgeting method for visualizing and maintaining a flexible budget. The key idea is to prioritize cash income to meet ...
Program budgeting. Program budgeting or programme budgeting, developed by U.S. president Lyndon Johnson, is the budgeting system that, contrary to conventional budgeting, describes and gives the detailed costs of every activity or program that is to be carried out with a given budget. For example, expected results in a proposed program are ...
Performance measurement. Performance measurement is the process of collecting, analyzing and/or reporting information regarding the performance of an individual, group, organization, system or component. [dubious – discuss][1] Definitions of performance measurement tend to be predicated upon an assumption about why the performance is being ...