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Gaul (Latin: Gallia) [1] was a region of Western Europe first clearly described by the Romans, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy. It covered an area of 494,000 km 2 (191,000 sq mi). [2]
The Urnfield culture (c. 1300 –750 BC) represents the Celts as a distinct cultural branch of the Indo-European-speaking people. [5] The spread of iron working led to the Hallstatt culture in the 8th century BC; the Proto-Celtic language is often thought to have been spoken around this time.
They lived in Cisalpine Gaul (Gallia Cisalpina), also called Gallia Citerior or Gallia Togata, [27] was the part of Italy continually inhabited by Celts since the 13th century BC. [28] Conquered by the Roman Republic in the 220s BC, it was a Roman province from c. 81 BC until 42 BC, when it was merged into Roman Italy. [29]
The inhabitants of the Celtica region called themselves Celts [1] in their own language, and were later called Galli by Julius Caesar: All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae inhabit, the Aquitani another, those who in their own language are called Celts, in ours Galli, the third.
Gaulish is an extinct Celtic language spoken in parts of Continental Europe before and during the period of the Roman Empire.In the narrow sense, Gaulish was the language of the Celts of Gaul (now France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, Northern Italy, as well as the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine).
Cisalpine Gaul around 100 BC [1]. Cisalpine Gaul (Latin: Gallia Cisalpina, also called Gallia Citerior or Gallia Togata [2]) was the name given, especially during the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, to a region of land inhabited by Celts (), corresponding to what is now most of northern Italy.
The Celts seem to have had a father god, who was often a god of the tribe and of the dead (Toutatis probably being one name for him); and a mother goddess who was associated with the land, earth and fertility [192] (Dea Matrona probably being one name for her).
It has consequently been a subject of intense study for Latinists and is one of the classic prose sources traditionally used as a standard teaching text in modern Latin education. [85] [86] It begins with the oft-quoted phrase "Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres", meaning "Gaul is a whole divided into three parts". The introduction is world ...