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Epinephrine is also used as a bronchodilator for asthma if specific β 2 agonists are unavailable or ineffective. [39] Because of the high intrinsic efficacy (receptor binding ability) of epinephrine, high drug concentrations cause adverse side effects when treating asthma. The value of using nebulized epinephrine in acute asthma is unclear. [40]
Side effects of dipivefrine include local eye reactions among others. Dipivefrine is a prodrug of epinephrine (adrenaline) and hence acts as a non-selective adrenergic receptor agonist. [5] It is a substituted phenethylamine and catecholamine and is an ester of epinephrine with much greater fat solubility. [6] [7] [8] Dipivefrine was first ...
While H 1-antihistamines help against these effects, they work only if taken before contact with the allergen. In severe allergies, such as anaphylaxis or angioedema, these effects may be of life-threatening severity. Additional administration of epinephrine, often in the form of an autoinjector, is required by people with such ...
Although minor compared to those of epinephrine, beta agonists usually have mild to moderate adverse effects, which include anxiety, hypertension, increased heart rate, and insomnia. Other side effects include headaches and essential tremor.
It is available mixed with a small amount of epinephrine to increase the duration of its action. [5] It typically begins working within 15 minutes and lasts for 2 to 8 hours. [5] [6] Possible side effects include sleepiness, muscle twitching, ringing in the ears, changes in vision, low blood pressure, and an irregular heart rate. [5]
Examples of sympathomimetic effects include increases in heart rate, force of cardiac contraction, and blood pressure. [1] The primary endogenous agonists of the sympathetic nervous system are the catecholamines (i.e., epinephrine [adrenaline], norepinephrine [noradrenaline], and dopamine ), which function as both neurotransmitters and hormones .
Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone and medication [10] [11] which is involved in regulating visceral functions (e.g., respiration). [ 10 ] [ 12 ] It appears as a white microcrystalline granule. [ 13 ]
Examples of these factors include the patients individual response to the drug, vascularity and pH of tissues at the site of drug administration, the type of injection administered etc. [3] Hence figures citing the duration of action of local anaesthetics is an approximation, as extreme variations may occur among patients.