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Scientific pitch, also known as philosophical pitch, Sauveur pitch or Verdi tuning, is an absolute concert pitch standard which is based on middle C (C 4) being set to 256 Hz rather than ~ 261.63 Hz, [a] making it ~ 31.77 cents lower than the common A440 pitch standard.
A tuning fork is an acoustic resonator in the form of a two-pronged fork with the prongs formed from a U-shaped bar of elastic metal (usually steel). It resonates at a specific constant pitch when set vibrating by striking it against a surface or with an object, and emits a pure musical tone once the high overtones fade out.
A tuner starts by using an external reference, usually an A440 tuning fork, (or commonly a C523.23 tuning fork) to tune a beginning pitch, and then tunes the other notes in the "temperament" using tempered interval relationships. During tuning it is common to assess perfect fifths and fourths, major and minor thirds, and major and minor sixths ...
For other tuning schemes, refer to musical tuning. This list of frequencies is for a theoretically ideal piano. On an actual piano, the ratio between semitones is slightly larger, especially at the high and low ends, where string stiffness causes inharmonicity , i.e., the tendency for the harmonic makeup of each note to run sharp .
For standard A440 pitch equal temperament, the system begins at a frequency of 16.35160 Hz, which is assigned the value C 0. The octave 0 of the scientific pitch notation is traditionally called the sub-contra octave , and the tone marked C 0 in SPN is written as ,,C or C,, or CCC in traditional systems, such as Helmholtz notation .
For example, a 1740 tuning fork associated with Handel is pitched at A = 422.5 Hz, ⓘ while a specimen from 1780 is pitched at A = 409 Hz, ⓘ about a quarter-tone lower. [4] A tuning fork that belonged to Ludwig van Beethoven around 1800, now in the British Library, is pitched at A = 455.4 Hz ⓘ, well over a half-tone higher. [5]
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