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  2. Epidemiology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology

    Snow used chlorine in an attempt to clean the water and removed the handle; this ended the outbreak. This has been perceived as a major event in the history of public health and regarded as the founding event of the science of epidemiology, having helped shape public health policies around the world.

  3. Bradford Hill criteria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Hill_criteria

    The Bradford Hill criteria, otherwise known as Hill's criteria for causation, are a group of nine principles that can be useful in establishing epidemiologic evidence of a causal relationship between a presumed cause and an observed effect and have been widely used in public health research.

  4. History of public health in the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_public_health...

    The role of public health nurse began in Los Angeles in 1898, and by 1924, there were 12,000 public health nurses, half of them in America's 100 largest cities. Their average annual salary of public health nurses in larger cities was $1390. In addition, there were thousands of nurses employed by private agencies handling similar work.

  5. Public health - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health

    Various aspects of public health: From top to bottom: Community health worker in Mali, vaccination example (COVID-19 vaccination in Germany), historical sewer installation photo from the United States, anti-smoking campaign in India. Part of a series on Public health Outline Subfields Community health Dental public health Environmental health Epidemiology Health economics Health education ...

  6. Epidemiological method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiological_method

    Epidemiological (and other observational) studies typically highlight associations between exposures and outcomes, rather than causation. While some consider this a limitation of observational research, epidemiological models of causation (e.g. Bradford Hill criteria) [7] contend that an entire body of evidence is needed before determining if an association is truly causal. [8]

  7. Social epidemiology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_epidemiology

    While epidemiology is "the study of the distribution and determinants of states of health in populations", social epidemiology is "that branch of epidemiology concerned with the way that social structures, institutions, and relationships influence health."

  8. Is drinking alcohol bad for your health? New dietary ...

    www.aol.com/drinking-alcohol-bad-health-dietary...

    Most adults in the United States drink alcohol, but there is steadily growing public concern about the health effects of moderate drinking. The latest science supports those concerns, but two ...

  9. Ecosocial theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosocial_theory

    Ecosocial theory, first proposed by name in 1994 by Nancy Krieger of the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, [1] is a broad and complex theory with the purpose of describing and explaining causal relationships in disease distribution.