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The Drude model of electrical conduction was proposed in 1900 [1] [2] by Paul Drude to explain the transport properties of electrons in materials (especially metals). Basically, Ohm's law was well established and stated that the current J and voltage V driving the current are related to the resistance R of the material.
In solid-state physics, the free electron model is a quantum mechanical model for the behaviour of charge carriers in a metallic solid. It was developed in 1927, [1] principally by Arnold Sommerfeld, who combined the classical Drude model with quantum mechanical Fermi–Dirac statistics and hence it is also known as the Drude–Sommerfeld model.
Paul Karl Ludwig Drude (German: [ˈpaʊl ˈdʁuːdə]; 12 July 1863 – 5 July 1906) was a German theoretical physicist specializing in optics and solid-state physics. He is best known for the Drude model , which explains how electrons move in metals.
An early model of electrical conduction was the Drude model, which applied kinetic theory to the electrons in a solid. By assuming that the material contains immobile positive ions and an "electron gas" of classical, non-interacting electrons, the Drude model was able to explain electrical and thermal conductivity and the Hall effect in metals ...
Paul Drude (c. 1900) realized that the phenomenological description of conductivity can be formulated quite generally (electron-, ion-, heat- etc. conductivity). Although the phenomenological description is incorrect for conduction electrons, it can serve as a preliminary treatment.
Paul Drude in 1900 proposed the first theoretical model for a classical electron moving through a metallic solid. [6] Drude's model described properties of metals in terms of a gas of free electrons, and was the first microscopic model to explain empirical observations such as the Wiedemann–Franz law.
Free carrier absorption occurs when a material absorbs a photon, and a carrier (electron or hole) is excited from an already-excited state to another, unoccupied state in the same band (but possibly a different subband).
The carrier density is also applicable to metals, where it can be estimated from the simple Drude model. In this case, the carrier density (in this context, also called the free electron density) can be estimated by: [5] =