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A rendition of the Vauquois triangle, illustrating the various approaches to the design of machine translation systems.. The direct, transfer-based machine translation and interlingual machine translation methods of machine translation all belong to RBMT but differ in the depth of analysis of the source language and the extent to which they attempt to reach a language-independent ...
For example, if learners do not know the word grandfather they may paraphrase it by saying "my father's father". Semantic avoidance Learners may avoid a problematic word by using a different one, for example substituting the irregular verb make with the regular verb ask. The regularity of "ask" makes it easier to use correctly. [2] Word coinage
When glossed, each line of the original text acquires one or more corresponding lines of transcription known as an interlinear text or interlinear glossed text (IGT) – an interlinear for short. Such glosses help the reader follow the relationship between the source text and its translation, and the structure of the original language.
One of the main features of transfer-based machine translation systems is a phase that "transfers" an intermediate representation of the text in the original language to an intermediate representation of text in the target language. This can work at one of two levels of linguistic analysis, or somewhere in between. The levels are:
In semantics, the best-known types of semantic equivalence are dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence (two terms coined by Eugene Nida), which employ translation approaches that focus, respectively, on conveying the meaning of the source text; and that lend greater importance to preserving, in the translation, the literal structure of the source text.
You can choose one of these templates that tag text with inline messages to request specific clarifications that you cannot provide yourself: {{ Clarify }} to mark individual phrases or sentences {{ Confusing }} to mark sections (or entire articles, though this is undesirable because it makes it unclear what exactly needs to be improved)
According to Lawrence Venuti, every translator should look at the translation process through the prism of culture which refracts the source language cultural norms and it is the translator’s task to convey them, preserving their meaning and their foreignness, to the target-language text. Every step in the translation process—from the ...
He stated that semantic translation is one that is source language bias, literal and faithful to the source text and communicative translation is target language bias, free and idiomatic. [20] A semantic translation's goal is to stay as close as possible to the semantic and syntactic structures of the source language, allowing the exact ...