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Constraint-induced movement therapy (CI, CIT, or CIMT) is a form of rehabilitation therapy that improves upper extremity function in stroke and other central nervous system damage patients by increasing the use of their affected upper limb. [1]
Action observation for upper limb rehabilitation after stroke. The latest scientific evidence indicates that action observation is beneficial in improving upper limb and hand function in patients with stroke. [92] Thus, action observation therapy is generally associated with better arm and hand function, with no significant adverse events. [92]
Peter G. Levine (December 22, 1960 – January 8, 2022) was an American medical researcher, science educator, and authority on stroke recovery.He published articles on brain plasticity as it relates to stroke, with emphasis on modified constraint induced therapy, cortical reorganization, telerehabilitation, electrical stimulation, electromyography-triggered stimulation, mental practice ...
Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) scale is an index to assess the sensorimotor impairment in individuals who have had stroke. [1] This scale was first proposed by Axel Fugl-Meyer and his colleagues as a standardized assessment test for post-stroke recovery in their paper titled The post-stroke hemiplegic patient: A method for evaluation of physical performance.
Brunnstrom (1966, 1970) and Sawner (1992) also described the process of recovery following stroke-induced hemiplegia. The process was divided into a number of stages: Flaccidity (immediately after the onset) No "voluntary" movements on the affected side can be initiated; Spasticity appears; Basic synergy patterns appear
After 8 weeks of electrical stimulation, an increase in grip strength can be apparent. Many scales, which assess the level of disability of the upper extremities following a stroke, use grip strength as a common item. Therefore, increasing strength of wrist extensors will decrease the level of upper extremity disability.
Monoplegia of the upper limb is sometimes referred to as brachial monoplegia, and that of the lower limb is called crural monoplegia. Monoplegia in the lower extremities is not as common of an occurrence as in the upper extremities. Monoparesis is a similar, but less severe, condition because one limb is very weak, not paralyzed.
The N.A.P. Gait classification facilitates the assessment of the gait pattern in stroke patients and helps to determine the gait type. In the case of paralysis after a stroke, rapid care with an orthosis is necessary. Often areas of the brain are affected that contain "programs" for controlling the musculoskeletal system.
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