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In SQL (Structured Query Language), the term cardinality refers to the uniqueness of data values contained in a particular column (attribute) of a database table. The lower the cardinality, the more duplicated elements in a column. Thus, a column with the lowest possible cardinality would have the same value for every row.
Oracle implements hints by using specially-crafted comments in the query that begin with a + symbol, thus not affecting SQL compatibility. [2] EDB Postgres Advanced Server (a proprietary version of PostgreSQL from EnterpriseDB) offers hints compatible with those of Oracle. [3] [4] Microsoft SQL Server offers hints via the OPTION keyword [5]
An enhanced release shipped in SQL Server 2005. It was discontinued and removed from SQL Server 2008, [3] although SQL Server 2005 SP3 allows for the Notification Services components to be run against the SQL Server 2008 Database Engine. [4] It has been replaced by StreamInsight which first shipped as a component of SQL 2008 R2.
Cardinality estimation in turn depends on estimates of the selection factor of predicates in the query. Traditionally, database systems estimate selectivities through fairly detailed statistics on the distribution of values in each column, such as histograms. This technique works well for estimation of selectivities of individual predicates.
Microsoft SQL Server (Structured Query Language) is a proprietary relational database management system developed by Microsoft.As a database server, it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications—which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network (including the Internet).
Officials have so far recovered 44 packages, allowing them to be “delivered to their rightful owners.” Lewis was charged with grand theft, illegal dumping and organized scheme to defraud.
Programs calling a database that accords to the SQL standard receive an indication of the success or failure of the call. This return code - which is called SQLSTATE - consists of 5 bytes.
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