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  2. Liberty - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty

    John Stuart Mill. Philosophers from the earliest times have considered the question of liberty. Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius (121–180 AD) wrote: . a polity in which there is the same law for all, a polity administered with regard to equal rights and equal freedom of speech, and the idea of a kingly government which respects most of all the freedom of the governed.

  3. Degrees of freedom (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom...

    Here, the degrees of freedom arises from the residual sum-of-squares in the numerator, and in turn the n − 1 degrees of freedom of the underlying residual vector {¯}. In the application of these distributions to linear models, the degrees of freedom parameters can take only integer values.

  4. Ordered liberty - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordered_liberty

    While Grothouse did not offer a concise definition of "liberty", he emphasized the ongoing debate over its meaning and scope within the context of the Due Process Clause. The author suggested that a nuanced understanding of ordered liberty allows for recognizing new rights while remaining grounded in legal principles and respecting the balance ...

  5. Freedom (disambiguation) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_(disambiguation)

    Freedom of thought, the freedom of an individual to hold or consider a fact, viewpoint, or thought, independent of others' viewpoints Freethought , an epistemological viewpoint which holds that beliefs should not be formed on the basis of authority, tradition, revelation, or dogma, and that beliefs should instead be reached by other methods ...

  6. Degrees of freedom - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom

    In many scientific fields, the degrees of freedom of a system is the number of parameters of the system that may vary independently. For example, a point in the plane has two degrees of freedom for translation : its two coordinates ; a non-infinitesimal object on the plane might have additional degrees of freedoms related to its orientation .

  7. Freedom - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom

    Freedom is often associated with liberty and autonomy in the sense of "giving oneself one's own laws". [1] In one definition, something is "free" if it can change and is not constrained in its present state. Physicists and chemists use the word in this sense. [2] In its origin, the English word "freedom" relates etymologically to the word ...

  8. Fundamental rights - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_rights

    Some universally recognised rights that are seen as fundamental, i.e., contained in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the U.N. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, or the U.N. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, include the following:

  9. Penumbra (law) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penumbra_(law)

    Umbra, penumbra, and antumbra formed through windows and shutters. Jurists have used the term "penumbra" as a metaphor for rights implied in the constitution. [1]In United States constitutional law, the penumbra includes a group of rights derived, by implication, from other rights explicitly protected in the Bill of Rights. [2]