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Jean Piaget's Genetic Epistemology: Appreciation and Critique by Robert Campbell (2002), extensive summary of work and biography. Piaget's The Language and Thought of the Child (1926) – a brief introduction; The Moral Judgment of the Child by Jean Piaget (1932), at Internet Archive; The Construction of Reality in the Child by Jean Piaget (1955)
Piaget's theory of cognitive development identifies four stages of cognitive development. [15] He believes that children actively construct their understanding of the world based on their own experiences. In addition Piaget identified with aspects of development, occurring from middle childhood onwards, for which peer groups are essential.
The theory emerged as a reaction against the developmental rationalist theory of morality associated with Lawrence Kohlberg and Jean Piaget. [13] Building on Piaget's work, Kohlberg argued that children's moral reasoning changed over time, and proposed an explanation through his six stages of moral development. Kohlberg's work emphasized ...
He also created ZPD to further develop Jean Piaget's theory of children being lone and autonomous learners. [4] Vygotsky spent a lot of time studying the impact of school instruction on children and noted that children grasp language concepts quite naturally, but that math and writing did not come as naturally.
Jean Piaget in Ann Arbor. Piaget's theory of cognitive development, or his genetic epistemology, is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence. It was originated by the Swiss developmental psychologist Jean Piaget (1896–1980).
Jean Piaget was the first psychologist and philosopher to brand this type of study as "cognitive development". [31] Other researchers, in multiple disciplines, had studied development in children before, but Piaget is often credited as being the first one to make a systematic study of cognitive development and gave it its name.
Assessment also consists of personal, thorough interpretation of students' performance in the context of what their out-of-school life. Non-traditional constructivist assessment strategies include: Oral discussions : The teacher presents students with a "focus" question and allows an open discussion on the topic.
Theorists like John Dewey, Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, whose collective work focused on how students learn, have informed the move to student-centered learning.Dewey was an advocate for progressive education, and he believed that learning is a social and experiential process by making learning an active process as children learn by doing.