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The shape of a state is determined by the political boundaries and geography that determine its territory, and that shape impacts the politics and economies of the state. [1] The six categories of state shapes are: compact; elongated or attenuated; fragmented; prorupted or protruded; perforated; and compound or complex. [2] [3] [4]
A landscape border is a mixture of political and natural borders. One example is the defensive forest created by China's Song dynasty in the eleventh century. [6] Such a border is political in the sense that it is human-demarcated, usually through a treaty. However, a landscape border is not demarcated by fences and walls but instead landscape ...
Examples of research that needs to consider the UGCoP include food access and human mobility. [23] [24] Schematic and example of a space-time prism using transit network data: On the right is a schematic diagram of a space-time prism, and on the left is a map of the potential path area for two different time budgets. [25]
The term "boundary problem" was introduced by the American political scientist Frederick G. Whelan in 1983. Whelan noted that the concept of democracy "always makes reference to a determinate community of persons (...) who are collectively self-governing", yet the drawing of the boundaries of such communities "is a significant problem for democratic theory and practice" and "democratic theory ...
Changes in national boundaries after the end of the Cold War. 1917 December 6 — The Grand Duchy of Finland declares its full independence from the collapsing Russian Empire. 1918 — Ukraine, [14] Belarus, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan declare their independence from the Russian Empire.
The borders of the historic condominium of Moresnet.Moresnet is colored blue, the Netherlands orange, Belgium yellow, and Prussia green.. An early instance of four political divisions meeting at a point is the Four Shire Stone in Moreton-in-Marsh, England (attested in the Domesday Book, 1086, [6] [7] and mentioned since 969 if not 772 [8]); until 1931, it was the meeting point of the English ...
These systems typically involve a form of at-large elections or multimember districts. Examples of such systems include the single-transferable vote, cumulative voting, and limited voting. [105] Proportional voting systems, such as those used in all but three European states, [106] would bypass the problem altogether. In these systems, the ...
The Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the India–China Boundary Question is an agreement between India and China signed on 11 April 2005. The agreement is a direct outcome of the Special Representative (SR) mechanism that had been set up through a 2003 agreement.