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Because these ligaments lie in the posterior part of the vertebral canal, their hypertrophy can cause spinal stenosis, particularly in patients with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. [4] The ligamenta flava may also become fatty or calcify during ageing. [2] These cause degeneration of elastin. [2]
In the spine, there is bone formation along the anterior longitudinal ligament and sometimes the posterior longitudinal ligament, which may lead to partial or complete fusion of adjacent vertebrae. The facet and sacroiliac joints tend to be uninvolved. The thoracic spine is the most common level involved. [2]
The ligament gradually grows narrower inferiorly. [2] The ligament is thicker in the thoracic than in the cervical and lumbar regions. In the thoracic and lumbar regions, it presents a series of dentations with intervening concave margins. [citation needed] The posterior longitudinal ligament is generally quite wide and thin, [1] and has ...
With a diagnostic accuracy of 97%, it is the most sensitive study to visualize a herniated disc due to its significant ability in soft tissue visualization. MRI also has higher inter-observer reliability than other imaging modalities. It suggests disc herniation when it shows an increased T2-weighted signal at the posterior 10% of the disc.
The ligamentous structures offer resistance to shear and loading. The deep anterior, posterior, and interosseous ligaments resist the load of the sacrum relative to the ilium. [1] More superficial ligaments (e.g., the sacrotuberous ligament) react to dynamic motions (such as straight-leg raising during physical motion). [1]
Left ventricular hypertrophy with secondary repolarization abnormalities as seen on ECG Histopathology of (a) normal myocardium and (b) myocardial hypertrophy. Scale bar indicates 50 μm. Gross pathology of left ventricular hypertrophy. Left ventricle is at right in image, serially sectioned from apex to near base.
Injuries to the PLC often occur in combination with other ligamentous injuries to the knee; most commonly the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). [2] As with any injury, an understanding of the anatomy and functional interactions of the posterolateral corner is important to diagnosing and treating the injury.
The infrapatellar fat pad (Hoffa's fat pad) is a cylindrical piece of fat that is situated inferior and posterior to the patella bone within the knee, [1] intervening between the patellar ligament and synovial fold of the knee joint. [2]