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A pharmaceutical drug, also called a medication or medicine, is a chemical substance used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose a disease or to promote well-being. [3] Traditionally drugs were obtained through extraction from medicinal plants, but more recently also by organic synthesis. [4] Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a limited ...
Drug discovery. In the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered. [1] Historically, drugs were discovered by identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery, as with penicillin. More recently, chemical libraries of ...
D010600. Pharmacology is the science of drugs and medications, [ 1] including a substance's origin, composition, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic use, and toxicology. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. [ 2]
Heroin. Heroin, also known as diacetylmorphine and diamorphine among other names, [ 1] is a morphinan opioid substance synthesized from the dried latex of the Papaver somniferum plant; it is mainly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects. Medical-grade diamorphine is used as a pure hydrochloride salt.
The primary source of morphine is isolation from poppy straw of the opium poppy. [20] In 2013, approximately 523 tons of morphine were produced. [21] Approximately 45 tons were used directly for pain, an increase of 400% over the last twenty years. [21] Most use for this purpose was in the developed world. [21]
Pharmacognosy is the study of crude drugs obtained from medicinal plants, animals, fungi, and other natural sources. [ 1] The American Society of Pharmacognosy defines pharmacognosy as "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological properties of drugs, drug substances, or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin ...
In the United States, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act defined the word "drug" as an "article intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals" and those " (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals." [2]
In 1832 produced chloral hydrate, the first synthetic sleeping drug. In 1833 French chemist Anselme Payen was the first to discover an enzyme, diastase. In 1834, François Mothes and Joseph Dublanc created a method to produce a single-piece gelatin capsule that was sealed with a drop of gelatin solution.