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Ageing (or aging in American English) is the process of becoming older.The term refers mainly to humans, many other animals, and fungi, whereas for example, bacteria, perennial plants and some simple animals are potentially biologically immortal. [1]
Complex systems biology is a field of science that studies the emergence of complexity in functional organisms from the viewpoint of dynamic systems theory. [20] The latter is also often called systems biology and aims to understand the most fundamental aspects of life.
Successful ageing may be viewed an interdisciplinary concept, spanning both psychology and sociology, where it is seen as the transaction between society and individuals across the life span with a specific focus on the later years of life. [40] The terms "healthy ageing" [4] and "optimal ageing" have been proposed as alternatives to successful ...
The definition of life has long been a challenge for scientists and philosophers. [2] [3] [4] This is partially because life is a process, not a substance. [5] [6] [7] This is complicated by a lack of knowledge of the characteristics of living entities, if any, that may have developed outside Earth.
Adult development encompasses the changes that occur in biological and psychological domains of human life from the end of adolescence until the end of one's life. Changes occur at the cellular level and are partially explained by biological theories of adult development and aging. [1]
Artificial life (ALife or A-Life) is a field of study wherein researchers examine systems related to natural life, its processes, and its evolution, through the use of simulations with computer models, robotics, and biochemistry. [1] The discipline was named by Christopher Langton, an American computer scientist, in 1986. [2]
The reliability theory of aging is an attempt to apply the principles of reliability theory to create a mathematical model of senescence.The theory was published in Russian by Leonid A. Gavrilov and Natalia S. Gavrilova as Biologiia prodolzhitelʹnosti zhizni in 1986, and in English translation as The Biology of Life Span: A Quantitative Approach in 1991.
The term life history is often used, particularly for organisms such as the red algae which have three multicellular stages (or more), rather than two. [ 3 ] Life cycles that include sexual reproduction involve alternating haploid ( n ) and diploid (2 n ) stages, i.e., a change of ploidy is involved.