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A white solid, fumaric acid occurs widely in nature. It has a fruit-like taste and has been used as a food additive. Its E number is E297. [3] The salts and esters are known as fumarates. Fumarate can also refer to the C 4 H 2 O 2− 4 ion (in solution). Fumaric acid is the trans isomer of butenedioic acid, while maleic acid is the cis isomer.
The first medical use of fumaric acid was described in 1959 by Walter Schweckendiek, a German chemist, [15] and was a topical formulation for psoriasis. The Swiss company Fumapharm eventually brought Fumaderm, an oral formulation of dimethyl fumarate (along with some monoesters) to market for psoriasis in Germany in 1994.
Siponimod is indicated for the treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, which is the progressive neurological decline of multiple sclerosis that happens independent of acute relapses. [1] In active secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, siponimod decreases the risk of disability and multiple sclerosis relapses. [1]
Maleate isomerase can be used to produce fumaric acid, an important building block material for polymerization and esterification reactions, from the isomerization of maleic acid. [7] Maleic acid is produced from maleic anhydride. [7] Maleic acid can also be converted into fumaric acid by thermal or catalytic cis–trans isomerization.
Another set of treatments for moderate to severe psoriasis are fumaric acid esters (FAE), which may be similar in effectiveness to methotrexate. [108] Apremilast (Otezla, Celgene) is an oral small-molecule inhibitor of the enzyme phosphodiesterase 4, which plays an important role in chronic inflammation associated with psoriasis. [109]
It is the ammonium salt of fumaric acid. As a food additive, it has the E number E368. This page was last edited on 30 January 2022, at 10:55 (UTC). Text is ...
Citric acid: Found in citrus fruits and gives them their sour taste. C 6 H 8 O 7: pH 3.24 [3] Fumaric acid: Found in bolete mushrooms, Icelandic moss and lichen. Not found in fruits, used as a substitute for citric and tartaric acid. Enhances flavor and sourness. [4] C 4 H 4 O 4: pH 3.19 [3] Lactic acid: Found in various milk or fermented ...
It is the sodium salt of fumaric acid, [1] used as an acidity regulator in processed foods. [1] Sodium fumarate and fumaric acid are sometimes used as terminal electron acceptors in the cultivation of certain anaerobic microorganisms. It appears as an odourless, white, crystalline powder and is soluble in water.
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