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The most obvious, first effects (gingival and hair problems) of absence of ascorbic acid in humans come from the resulting defect in hydroxylation of proline residues of collagen, with reduced stability of the collagen molecule, causing scurvy. Increased serum and urine levels of hydroxyproline have also been demonstrated in Paget's disease. [10]
L-proline + alpha-ketoglutaric acid + O 2 → (2S, 4R)-4-hydroxyproline + succinate + CO 2. The mechanism for the reaction is similar to that of other dioxygenases, and occurs in two distinct stages: [3] In the first, a highly reactive Fe(IV)=O species is produced. Molecular oxygen is bound end-on in an axial position, producing a dioxygen unit.
Glutamate is a very major constituent of a wide variety of proteins; consequently it is one of the most abundant amino acids in the human body. [1] Glutamate is formally classified as a non-essential amino acid, because it can be synthesized (in sufficient quantities for health) from α-ketoglutaric acid, which is produced as part of the citric acid cycle by a series of reactions whose ...
S)-3,5-Dihydroxyphenylglycine or DHPG is a potent agonist of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) mGluR1 and mGluR5. DHPG was the first agonist shown to be selective for group I mGluRs. [1] Agonist activity is found in only the (S)-isomer, and (S)-DHPG may be a partial agonist of group I mGluRs. [1]
Glutamate transporters also transport aspartate and are present in virtually all peripheral tissues, including the heart, liver, testes, and bone. They exhibit stereoselectivity for L-glutamate but transport both L-aspartate and D-aspartate. The EAATs are membrane-bound secondary transporters that superficially resemble ion channels. [1]
Proline oxidase, or proline dehydrogenase, functions as the initiator of the proline cycle. Proline metabolism is especially important in nutrient stress because proline is readily available from the breakdown of extracellular matrix (ECM), and the degradation of proline through the proline cycle initiated by proline oxidase (PRODH), a mitochondrial inner membrane enzyme, can generate ATP.
108069 Ensembl ENSG00000198822 ENSMUSG00000003974 UniProt Q14832 Q9QYS2 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000840 NM_001363522 NM_181850 RefSeq (protein) NP_000831 NP_001350451 NP_862898 Location (UCSC) Chr 7: 86.64 – 86.86 Mb n/a PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGluR3) is an inhibitory G i /G 0 -coupled G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) generally ...
Glycine, proline and hydroxyproline share common renal tubular mechanisms of reabsorption, [7] a function specific to the proximal tubule. [4] [5] Both reabsorption or absorption of glycine and imino acids takes place respectively at the proximal tubule or intestinal brush border epithelium.