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1964–1968 – T and B cell cooperation in immune response; 1965 – Discovery of lymphocyte mitogenic activity, "blastogenic factor" (Shinpei Kamakura) and (Louis Lowenstein) and (L.D. MacLean) 1965 – Discovery of "immune interferon" (gamma interferon) (E.F. Wheelock) 1965 – Secretory immunoglobulins
An immune response is a physiological reaction which occurs within an organism in the context of inflammation for the purpose of defending against exogenous factors. These include a wide variety of different toxins, viruses, intra- and extracellular bacteria, protozoa, helminths, and fungi which could cause serious problems to the health of the host organism if not cleared from the body.
The ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly, with immune responses beginning to decline at around 50 years of age due to immunosenescence. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] In developed countries , obesity , alcoholism , and drug use are common causes of poor immune function, while malnutrition is the ...
Immunization (commonly referred to as vaccination) is the deliberate induction of an immune response, and represents the single most effective manipulation of the immune system that scientists have developed. [6] Immunizations are successful because they utilize the immune system's natural specificity as well as its inducibility. [citation needed]
The innate immune system is an alternate defense strategy and is the dominant immune system response found in plants, fungi, prokaryotes, and invertebrates (see Beyond vertebrates). [2] The major functions of the innate immune system are to: recruit immune cells to infection sites by producing chemical factors, including chemical mediators ...
Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s healthy tissues, leading to chronic inflammation and a range of other symptoms. ... or that may trigger an immune ...
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to immunology: . Immunology – study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. [1] It deals with the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency ...
Apr. 23—Robert Clarke, PhD, executive director and professor, and Lu Jin, MS, researcher at The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, have co-authored a paper recently published in the ...