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Crossing of commissural axons across the midline in vertebrates is mediated by signaling in the floor plate of the neural tube. On the left panel an axon initiates its projection within the tube. On the right panel, the neuron initially receives chemoattractive signaling from netrin ligands and chemorepellents from slit ligands (1).
This article is about the optic chiasm of vertebrates, which is the best known nerve chiasm, but not every chiasm denotes a crossing of the body midline (e.g., in some invertebrates, see Chiasm (anatomy)). A midline crossing of nerves inside the brain is called a decussation (see Definition of types of crossings).
In mammals and birds and other vertebrates with frontal eyes, the optic nerves do blend in the optic chiasm, and only part of the nerve fibres cross the midline. [5] The drawings of Cajal suggest that the axons of the optic nerve may branch in the optic chiasm, and thus give off a branch both in the ipsi- and contralateral optic tract. [ 5 ]
The posterior commissure (also known as the epithalamic commissure) is a rounded nerve tract crossing the middle line on the dorsal aspect of the upper end of the cerebral aqueduct. It is important in the bilateral pupillary light reflex .
Vertical lines: Midline, lateral sternal line, parasternal line and midclavicular line. Horizontal lines: Level of the sternal angle, and zipho-sternal line. Anatomical "lines", or "reference lines," are theoretical lines drawn through anatomical structures and are used to describe anatomical location.
Cross training for walkers includes strength exercises like lunges, rows and pushups to build strength, reduce injury, improve posture and promote weight loss.
The lateral corticospinal tract neurons cross the midline at the level of the medulla oblongata, and controls the limbs and digits. [1] [3] The lateral tract forms about 90% of connections in the corticospinal tract; [2] the vast majority cross over in the medulla, while the rest (about 2-3%) remain ipsilateral. The anterior corticospinal tract ...
The arytenoid adduction procedure alleviates these symptoms by manually positioning the paralyzed vocal cord towards the midline. This is accomplished by passing a suture between the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage. [3] This rotates the arytenoid cartilage and adducts the vocal cord.