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A simple machine is a mechanical device that changes the direction or magnitude of a force. [1] In general, they can be defined as the simplest mechanisms that use mechanical advantage (also called leverage) to multiply force. [2] Usually the term refers to the six classical simple machines that were defined by Renaissance scientists: [3] [4 ...
The betatron was the first machine capable of producing electron beams at energies higher than could be achieved with a simple electron gun, and the first circular accelerator in which particles orbited at a constant radius. [1] The concept of the betatron had been proposed as early as 1922 by Joseph Slepian. [2]
Electrostatic machines are typically used in science classrooms to safely demonstrate electrical forces and high voltage phenomena. The elevated potential differences achieved have been also used for a variety of practical applications, such as operating X-ray tubes, particle accelerators, spectroscopy, medical applications, sterilization of food, and nuclear physics experiments.
The electron (e −, or β − in nuclear reactions) is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary electric charge. [13] Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family, [14] and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no known components or substructure. [1]
The primary advantage of electron-beam lithography is that it can draw custom patterns (direct-write) with sub-10 nm resolution. This form of maskless lithography has high resolution but low throughput, limiting its usage to photomask fabrication, low-volume production of semiconductor devices , and research and development .
Electron gun from an oscilloscope CRT Setup of an electron gun. 1. Hot cathode.2. Wehnelt cylinder.3. Anode. A direct current, electrostatic thermionic electron gun is formed from several parts: a hot cathode, which is heated to create a stream of electrons via thermionic emission; electrodes generating an electric field to focus the electron beam (such as a Wehnelt cylinder); and one or more ...
Former ESPN NBA insider Adrian Wojnarowski revealed in a Sports Illustrated profile that he was diagnosed with prostate cancer in March, months before his stunning retirement.. A line in ...
The Discovery of the Electron Archived 16 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine; J. J. Thomson on Nobelprize.org with the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1906 Carriers of Negative Electricity; Annotated bibliography for Joseph J. Thomson from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues; Essay on Thomson life and religious views; The Cathode Ray Tube site