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The Duke of Parma also usually held the title of Duke of Guastalla from 1746 (when Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor occupied the Duchy of Guastalla after the last Gonzaga duke died childless) until 1847 (when the territory was ceded to Modena), except for the Napoleonic era, when Napoleon's sister Pauline was briefly Duchess of Guastalla and of ...
The English attack on the Armada in the Battle of Gravelines (1588), followed by an unfavourable change in wind direction, made link-up impossible. After the failure of the Armada, fortune seems to have abandoned the Duke of Parma. [39]
Robert I (Italian: Roberto Carlo Luigi Maria) (French: Robert Charles Louis Marie); 9 July 1848 – 16 November 1907) was the last sovereign Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1854 until 1859, when the duchy was annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont during the Risorgimento.
Ferdinand ceded the Duchy of Parma to France in the Treaty of Aranjuez (1801). The Treaty of Aranjuez was signed on 21 March 1801 between France and Spain. The overall accord confirmed the terms presented in the Treaty of San Ildefonso. Moreover, Ferdinand agreed to surrender the Duchy of Parma (with Piacenza and Guastalla) to France.
Charles III (Italian: Carlo III di Borbone, Duca di Parma e Piacenza; 14 January 1823 – 27 March 1854) was the duke of Parma from 1849 to 1854. He was the son of Duke Charles II of Parma and was educated in Saxony and Vienna. He grew up as a restless young man and traveled extensively while he was the hereditary prince of Lucca.
Joseph, Duke of Parma and Piacenza (Italian: Giuseppe Maria Pietro Paolo Francesco Roberto Tomaso-d'Aquino Andrea-Avellino Biagio Mauro Carlo Stanislao Luigi Filippo-Neri Leone Bernardo Antonio Ferdinando di Borbone-Parma e Piacenza; 30 June 1875 Biarritz – 7 January 1950 Pianore, Lucca, Italy) was the head of the House of Bourbon-Parma and the pretender to the defunct throne of Parma from ...
Odoardo was the eldest legitimate son of Ranuccio I Farnese and his wife, Margherita Aldobrandini.After Ranuccio's natural son and his potential rival, Ottavio, was relegated in a prison, he reigned initially under the regency of his uncle Odoardo Farnese and, after the latter's death, of his mother, Margherita Aldobrandini.
A French army came to protect Parma, the War of Parma broke out, and Gonzaga at once laid siege to the city. But the duke came to an arrangement with his father-in-law, by which he regained Piacenza and his other fiefs. The rest of his life was spent quietly at home, where the moderation and wisdom of his rule won for him the affection of his ...