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Carrigan et al. [4] used a pipe crawler operating in the K-band frequency range (18-16.5 GHz) to inspect HDPE pipe for various defects that would be commonly found in buried and undersea pipelines. Three types of set-ups were used to model the conditions of above ground pipelines, plastic lined metal pipe, and undersea pipelines.
Pipe Surface Alignment: A change in the pipe outside diameter (O.D.) surface misalignment of more than 10 percent of the wall thickness of the thinner member to be fused. (3) PE Material: Each lot of polyethylene source material to be used in production (XXVI–2310(c)). (4) Wall Thickness: Each thickness to be fused in production (XXVI–2310(c)).
According to ASTM D883, stress cracking is defined as "an external or internal crack in a plastic caused by tensile stresses less than its short-term mechanical strength". This type of cracking typically involves brittle cracking, with little or no ductile drawing of the material from its adjacent failure surfaces. [ 1 ]
HDPE pipe is a type of flexible plastic pipe used to transfer fluids and gases. It is often employed for replacing aging concrete or steel main pipelines . Constructed from the thermoplastic HDPE (high-density polyethylene ), it has low permeability and robust molecular bonding, making it suitable for high-pressure pipelines .
HDPE is known for its high strength-to-density ratio. [4] The density of HDPE ranges from 930 to 970 kg/m 3. [5] Although the density of HDPE is only marginally higher than that of low-density polyethylene, HDPE has little branching, giving it stronger intermolecular forces and tensile strength (38 MPa versus 21 MPa) than LDPE. [6]
JM Eagle is an American corporation and a manufacturer of plastic pipe. [1] At its 22 plants in North America, the company manufactures polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and high-density polyethylene pipe for a variety of industries including utility, plumbing, electrical, natural gas, irrigation, potable water, drainage, and sewage.
Plastic Pipe lengths manufactured in Australia by extruding HDPE material.. Plastic pipe is a tubular section, or hollow cylinder, made of plastic.It is usually, but not necessarily, of circular cross-section, used mainly to convey substances which can flow—liquids and gases (fluids), slurries, powders and masses of small solids.
A cleaning pig for a 710-millimetre (28 in) oil pipeline. The blue plastic disks seal against the inside of the pipe to propel the device and to remove loose sedimentation or scale buildup. The black rectangles at the top and the circular disks in the center are magnets to attract and remove any loose metal objects in the pipe.