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  2. Visbreaker - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visbreaker

    A schematic diagram of a Visbreaker unit. The term coil (or furnace) visbreaking is applied to units where the cracking process occurs in the furnace tubes (or "coils")."). Material exiting the furnace is quenched to halt the cracking reactions: frequently this is achieved by heat exchange with the virgin material being fed to the furnace, which in turn is a good energy efficiency step, but ...

  3. Cracking (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracking_(chemistry)

    Schematic flow diagram of a fluid catalytic cracker. The catalytic cracking process involves the presence of solid acid catalysts, usually silica-alumina and zeolites. The catalysts promote the formation of carbocations, which undergo processes of rearrangement and scission of C-C bonds. Relative to thermal cracking, cat cracking proceeds at ...

  4. Separatory funnel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatory_funnel

    Typical sizes are between 30 mL and 3 L. In industrial chemistry they can be much larger and for much larger volumes centrifuges are used. The sloping sides are designed to facilitate the identification of the layers. The tap-controlled outlet is designed to drain the liquid out of the funnel.

  5. Wikipedia : Manual of Style/Chemistry/Structure drawing

    en.wikipedia.org/.../Chemistry/Structure_drawing

    These guidelines are necessarily quite technical, and are intended for editors with some experience of drawing chemical structure diagrams and reaction schemes. For a less technical overview of the issues involved, see Wikipedia:Molecular structure diagram.

  6. Ball-and-stick model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball-and-stick_model

    In chemistry, the ball-and-stick model is a molecular model of a chemical substance which displays both the three-dimensional position of the atoms and the bonds between them. [1] The atoms are typically represented by spheres, connected by rods which represent the bonds.

  7. Chemical structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structure

    A chemical structure of a molecule is a spatial arrangement of its atoms and their chemical bonds. Its determination includes a chemist 's specifying the molecular geometry and, when feasible and necessary, the electronic structure of the target molecule or other solid.

  8. Round-bottom flask - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-bottom_flask

    Round-bottom flasks are often used to contain chemical reactions run by chemists, especially for reflux set-ups and laboratory-scale synthesis. [3] Boiling chips are added in distilling flasks for distillations or boiling chemical reactions to allow a nucleation site for gradual boiling. This nucleation avoids a sudden boiling surge where the ...

  9. Lever rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever_rule

    In chemistry, the lever rule is a formula used to determine the mole fraction (x i) or the mass fraction (w i) of each phase of a binary equilibrium phase diagram.It can be used to determine the fraction of liquid and solid phases for a given binary composition and temperature that is between the liquidus and solidus line.