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  2. Upwelling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upwelling

    Coastal upwelling is the best known type of upwelling, and the most closely related to human activities as it supports some of the most productive fisheries in the world. Coastal upwelling will occur if the wind direction is parallel to the coastline and generates wind-driven currents.

  3. Eddy pumping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_pumping

    Another important factor to take into account, especially when considering ocean-wind interaction, is the role played by eddy-induced Ekman pumping. [7] Some other limitations of the explanation above are due to the idealised, quasi circular linear dynamical response to perturbations that neglects the vertical displacement that a particle can ...

  4. Wind generated current - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_generated_current

    A Wind generated current is a flow in a body of water that is generated by wind friction on its surface. Wind can generate surface currents on water bodies of any size. The depth and strength of the current depend on the wind strength and duration, and on friction and viscosity losses, [1] but are limited to about 400 m depth by the mechanism, and to lesser depths where the water is shallower. [2]

  5. Ocean current - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_current

    Ocean surface currents Distinctive white lines trace the flow of surface currents around the world. Visualization showing global ocean currents from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2012, at sea level, then at 2,000 m (6,600 ft) below sea level Animation of circulation around ice shelves of Antarctica

  6. Ocean stratification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_stratification

    Due to upwelling and downwelling, which are both wind-driven, mixing of different layers can occur through the rise of cold nutrient-rich and sinking of warm water, respectively. Generally, layers are based on water density : heavier, and hence denser, water is below the lighter water, representing a stable stratification .

  7. Ocean gyre - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_gyre

    The wind stress curl in this region drives the Ekman suction, which creates an upwelling of nutrient-rich water from the lower depths. [ 25 ] Subpolar circulation in the southern hemisphere is dominated by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current , due to the lack of large landmasses breaking up the Southern Ocean .

  8. Southern Ocean overturning circulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean_overturning...

    A schematic overview of the Southern Ocean overturning circulation. The arrows point in the direction of the water movement. The lower cell of the circulation is depicted by the upwelling arrows south of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water beneath the sea ice of Antarctica due to buoyancy loss.

  9. Walker circulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_circulation

    During non-El Niño conditions, the Walker circulation is seen at the surface as easterly trade winds that move water and air warmed by the sun toward the west. This also creates ocean upwelling off the coasts of Peru and Ecuador and brings nutrient-rich cold water to the surface, increasing fishing stocks. [10]