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The null coalescing operator is a binary operator that is part of the syntax for a basic conditional expression in several programming languages, such as (in alphabetical order): C# [1] since version 2.0, [2] Dart [3] since version 1.12.0, [4] PHP since version 7.0.0, [5] Perl since version 5.10 as logical defined-or, [6] PowerShell since 7.0.0, [7] and Swift [8] as nil-coalescing operator.
If-then-else flow diagram A nested if–then–else flow diagram. In computer science, conditionals (that is, conditional statements, conditional expressions and conditional constructs) are programming language constructs that perform different computations or actions or return different values depending on the value of a Boolean expression, called a condition.
Python sets are very much like mathematical sets, and support operations like set intersection and union. Python also features a frozenset class for immutable sets, see Collection types. Dictionaries (class dict) are mutable mappings tying keys and corresponding values. Python has special syntax to create dictionaries ({key: value})
Like Pascal, FORTRAN II, Fortran 66, Fortran 77, and later versions of Fortran specify return values by an assignment to the function name, but also have a return statement; that statement does not specify a return value and, for a function, causes the value assigned to the function name to be returned. [5] [7] [8]
In computer programming languages, a switch statement is a type of selection control mechanism used to allow the value of a variable or expression to change the control flow of program execution via search and map.
The exclusive or does not distribute over any binary function (not even itself), but logical conjunction distributes over exclusive or. C ∧ ( A ⊕ B ) = ( C ∧ A ) ⊕ ( C ∧ B ) {\displaystyle C\land (A\oplus B)=(C\land A)\oplus (C\land B)} (Conjunction and exclusive or form the multiplication and addition operations of a field GF(2 ...
Stock returns do not include dividends. All directors refers to people who sat on the board of at least one Fortune 100 company between 2008 and 2012. The Pay Pals project relies on financial research conducted by the Center for Economic Policy and Research. Sources: Google Finance, Yahoo Finance, Phillips 66 SEC filings .
Python 3.0, released in 2008, was a major revision not completely backward-compatible with earlier versions. Python 2.7.18, released in 2020, was the last release of Python 2. [37] Python consistently ranks as one of the most popular programming languages, and has gained widespread use in the machine learning community. [38] [39] [40] [41]