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A letter of marque and reprisal (French: lettre de marque; lettre de course) was a government license in the Age of Sail that authorized a private person, known as a privateer or corsair, to attack and capture vessels of a foreign state at war with the issuer, licensing international military operations against a specified enemy as reprisal for a previous attack or injury.
The USRC James Madison was a schooner named for Founding Father James Madison and launched in 1807 at Baltimore for service with the United States Revenue-Marine.During the first months of the War of 1812 she captured several merchant vessels, but in August 1812 HMS Barbadoes captured her.
Lord Belmore bought the captured James Madison and had her converted from schooner to brig rig. [3] He also renamed her Osprey, of Killybegs in County Donegal, armed her with fourteen 9-pounder carronades, and arranged for her to have a letter of marque. [4] Around 1817, Lord Belmore used Osprey for a family cruise to the Eastern Mediterranean.
On 22 August 1812, the USRC James Madison was engaged in privateering, dogging a convoy under escort by Barbadoes. Barbadoes captured James Madison after a seven-hour chase. James Madison was pierced for 14 guns, and carried ten, but had thrown two overboard during the chase. She had a crew of 65 or 70 men.
Reaper was a Massachusetts privateer schooner that Captain Ephraim Sturdivant commanded during the War of 1812.Captain Sturdivant was officially charged by President James Madison to use the ship to attack British shipping.
The Papers of James Madison project was established in 1956 to collect and publish in a comprehensive letterpress edition the correspondence and other writings of James Madison, the fourth president of the United States. The volumes provide accurate texts of Madison's incoming and outgoing correspondence, newspaper essays, speeches, and pamphlets.
1781, January 9 – The sloop USS Saratoga captures the letter-of-marque Tonyn; 1781, March 7 – Liverpool privateer Woolton captures French merchantman Sartine; 1781, March 23 – British privateer Tarleton, of 14 guns, captures American letter of marque Tom Lee, of 12 guns. 1781, May 1 – HMS Canada captures the Spanish frigate Santa Leocadia.
The 1811 State of the Union Address was delivered by the fourth President, James Madison, on November 5, 1811.Addressing the Twelfth United States Congress, Madison emphasized the ongoing diplomatic and economic challenges posed by Great Britain and France, both of which were violating U.S. neutral trading rights amidst the Napoleonic Wars.