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A letter of marque and reprisal (French: lettre de marque; lettre de course) was a government license in the Age of Sail that authorized a private person, known as a privateer or corsair, to attack and capture vessels of a foreign state at war with the issuer, licensing international military operations against a specified enemy as reprisal for a previous attack or injury.
The USRC James Madison was a schooner named for Founding Father James Madison and launched in 1807 at Baltimore for service with the United States Revenue-Marine.During the first months of the War of 1812 she captured several merchant vessels, but in August 1812 HMS Barbadoes captured her.
Lord Belmore bought the captured James Madison and had her converted from schooner to brig rig. [3] He also renamed her Osprey, of Killybegs in County Donegal, armed her with fourteen 9-pounder carronades, and arranged for her to have a letter of marque. [4] Around 1817, Lord Belmore used Osprey for a family cruise to the Eastern Mediterranean.
James Madison Jr. was born on March 16, 1751 (March 5, 1750, Old Style), at Belle Grove Plantation near Port Conway in the Colony of Virginia, to James Madison Sr. and Eleanor Madison. His family had lived in Virginia since the mid-17th century. [9] Madison's maternal grandfather, Francis Conway, was a prominent planter and tobacco merchant. [10]
Reaper was a Massachusetts privateer schooner that Captain Ephraim Sturdivant commanded during the War of 1812.Captain Sturdivant was officially charged by President James Madison to use the ship to attack British shipping.
President Madison issued 500 letters of marque authorizing privateers. Overall some 200 of the ships took prizes. The cost of buying and fitting of a large privateer was about $40,000 and prizes could net $100,000. [66] Captain Thomas Boyle was one of the famous and successful American privateers.
1781, January 9 – The sloop USS Saratoga captures the letter-of-marque Tonyn; 1781, March 7 – Liverpool privateer Woolton captures French merchantman Sartine; 1781, March 23 – British privateer Tarleton, of 14 guns, captures American letter of marque Tom Lee, of 12 guns. 1781, May 1 – HMS Canada captures the Spanish frigate Santa Leocadia.
The Papers of James Madison project was established in 1956 to collect and publish in a comprehensive letterpress edition the correspondence and other writings of James Madison, the fourth president of the United States. The volumes provide accurate texts of Madison's incoming and outgoing correspondence, newspaper essays, speeches, and pamphlets.