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Quercus robur, the pedunculate oak or English oak, [3] [4] is a species of flowering plant in the beech and oak family, Fagaceae. It is a large tree, native to most of Europe and western Asia , and is widely cultivated in other temperate regions.
Quercus robur L. – pedunculate oak, English oak or French oak – Europe, West Asia; Quercus rugosa Née – netleaf oak or Rugosa oak – # southwestern U.S., northwestern Mexico; Quercus × schuettei Trel. — Schuette's oak — US, Canada; Quercus sebifera Trel. – # Mexico; Quercus segoviensis Liebm. – Mexico and northern Central America
Several oak trees hold cultural importance; such as the Royal Oak in Britain, [116] the Charter Oak in the United States, [117] and the Guernica oak in the Basque Country. [118] " The Proscribed Royalist, 1651 ", a famous painting by John Everett Millais , depicts a Royalist hiding in an oak tree while fleeing from Cromwell's forces.
The fruit is an acorn, 8–12 millimeters (5 ⁄ 16 – 15 ⁄ 32 in) long, and almost as wide as long, with a shallow cup; it is one of the most prolific producers of acorns. [2] The tree starts acorn production around 15 years of age, earlier than many oak species. [3] Autumn foliage
The word acorn (earlier akerne, and acharn) is related to the Gothic name akran, which had the sense of "fruit of the unenclosed land". [3] The word was applied to the most important forest produce, that of the oak. Chaucer spoke of "achornes of okes" in the 14th century.
An oak apple or oak gall is a large, round, vaguely apple-like gall commonly found on many species of oak. Oak apples range in size from 2 to 4 centimetres (1 to 2 in) in diameter and are caused by chemicals injected by the larva of certain kinds of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae .
Quercus agrifolia, the California live oak, [3] or coast live oak, is an evergreen [4] live oak native to the California Floristic Province.Live oaks are so-called because they keep living leaves on the tree all year, adding young leaves and shedding dead leaves simultaneously rather than dropping dead leaves en masse in the autumn like a true deciduous tree. [5]
Quercus petraea, commonly known as the sessile oak, [3] Cornish oak, [4] Irish oak or durmast oak, [5] is a species of oak tree native to most of Europe and into Anatolia and Iran. The sessile oak is the national tree of Ireland , [ 6 ] and an unofficial emblem in Wales [ 7 ] and Cornwall .