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Urine osmolality in humans can range from approximately 50 to 1200 mOsm/kg, depending on whether the person has recently drunk a large quantity of water (the lower number) or has gone without water for a long time (the higher number). [2] Plasma osmolality with typical fluid intake often averages approximately 290 mOsm/kg H 2 O in humans. [2]
Urine osmolality in mOsm/kg, after fluid deprivation [3] After desmopressin [3] or vasopressin; Normal > 800 > 800 (<10% increase) a defect in ADH production (central/neurogenic diabetes insipidus) < 300 > 800 (>50% increase) a defect in the kidneys' response to ADH production (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus) < 300 < 500 (<50% increase)
Osmolality and osmolarity are measures that are technically different, but functionally the same for normal use. Whereas osmolality (with an "l") is defined as the number of osmoles (Osm) of solute per kilogram of solvent (osmol/kg or Osm/kg), osmolarity (with an "r") is defined as the number of osmoles of solute per liter (L) of solution ...
mmol / 24 h: An abnormally high level is called hypercalciuria and an abnormally low rate is called hypocalciuria. 14637-3: 100 [8] 250 [8] mg / 24 hours: 6874-2: Phosphate (P) – per day: n/a [5] 38 [5] mmol / 24 h: Phosphaturia is the hyperexcretion of phosphate in the urine. This condition is divided into primary and secondary types.
Reference ranges for urine tests are described below: Measurement Lower limit Upper limit Unit Urinary specific gravity: 1.003 [1] [2] 1.030 [1] [2] g/mL Urobilinogen:
If they can’t reabsorb urea, the BUN:Cr ratio falls to less than 15 to 1. Also, they can’t reabsorb sodium, meaning the urine Na+ goes above 40 mEq/L, and the fractional excretion of sodium, or FENa, the percent of sodium filtered that’s excreted in the urine, goes above 2%, and finally urine osmolality falls below 350 mOsm/kg.
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The majority of fluid output occurs via the urine, approximately 1500 ml/day (approx 1.59 qt/day) in the normal adult resting state. [12] [13] Some fluid is lost through perspiration (part of the body's temperature control mechanism) and as water vapor in exhaled air. These are termed "insensible fluid losses" as they cannot be easily measured.