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In antiquity, the two major centres of Jewish scholarship were located in Galilee and Babylonia.A Talmud was compiled in each of these regional centres. The earlier of the two compilations took place in Galilee, either in the late fourth or early fifth century, and it came to be known as the Jerusalem Talmud (or Talmud Yerushalmi).
While Talmud Bavli has had a standardized page count for over 100 years based on the Vilna edition, the standard page count of the Yerushalmi found in most modern scholarly literature is based on the first printed edition (Venice 1523) which uses folio (#) and column number (a,b,c,and d; eg. Berachot 2d would be folio page 2, column 4).
This period saw the creation of major texts of rabbinic literature, such as the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, Babylonian Talmud, and various midrashim (biblical commentaries). [5] Jews maintained their cultural and religious identity by continuing to speak and write in Hebrew and Aramaic , and developed liturgy , including piyyutim ...
One might think this would make it derabbanan because it was derived by the rabbis, but the laws are actually de-'oraita because they are derived by interpreting the Torah. [7] However, the extension of this prohibition to eating chicken with milk is derabbanan , as it is the product of a specific rabbinic enactment.
There are two versions of the Gemara: the Babylonian Talmud (Talmud Bavli) and the Jerusalem Talmud (Talmud Yerushalmi). The Babylonian Talmud, compiled by scholars in Babylonia around 500 CE and primarily from the academies of Sura , Pumbedita , and Nehardea , is the more commonly cited version when referring to the "Gemara" or "Talmud ...
In fact, two "versions" of the Talmud exist: one produced in the Galilee c. 300–350 CE (the Jerusalem Talmud), and a second, more extensive Talmud compiled in Jewish Babylonia c. 450–500 CE (the Babylonian Talmud).
The Jerusalem Talmud ed. Heinrich Guggenheimer, Walter de Gruyter. This edition, which is a complete one for the entire Jerusalem Talmud, is a scholarly translation based on the editio princeps and upon the existing manuscripts. The text is fully vocalized and followed by an extensive commentary. Modern Elucidated Talmud Yerushalmi, ed. Joshua ...
Others divide by aliyot, reading one or two a day (see below) or according to other divisions. While listening to the Torah in synagogue, one can read the text along with the reader and count it towards one recitation of mikra. [7] By “Targum,” the Talmud refers to the Targum Onkelos.