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As the debt equity ratio (i.e. leverage) increases, there is a trade-off between the interest tax shield and bankruptcy, causing an optimum capital structure, D/E*. The top curve shows the tax shield gains of debt financing, while the bottom curve includes that minus the costs of bankruptcy.
It is the enterprise value plus all cash and cash equivalents, short and long-term investments, and less all short-term debt, long-term debt and minority interests. [1] [2] Equity value accounts for all the ownership interest in a firm including the value of unexercised stock options and securities convertible to equity.
Notice that the "equity" in the debt to equity ratio is the market value of all equity, not the shareholders' equity on the balance sheet. To calculate the firm's weighted cost of capital, we must first calculate the costs of the individual financing sources: Cost of Debt, Cost of Preference Capital, and Cost of Equity Cap.
It is important that a company's management recognizes the risk inherent in taking on debt, and maintains an optimal capital structure with an appropriate balance between debt and equity. [9] An optimal capital structure is one that is consistent with minimizing the cost of debt and equity financing and maximizing the value of the firm.
However, if we move to a world where there are taxes, when the interest on debt is tax-deductible, and ignoring other frictions, the value of the company increases in proportion to the amount of debt used. [3] The additional value equals the total discounted value of future taxes saved by issuing debt instead of equity.
Tax effects can be incorporated into this formula. For example, the WACC for a company financed by one type of shares with the total market value of and cost of equity and one type of bonds with the total market value of and cost of debt , in a country with corporate tax rate , is calculated as:
The Bond Yield Plus Risk Premium (BYPRP), adds a subjective risk premium to the firm's long-term debt interest rate. The cost of equity can be calculated using the discounted residual income model to estimate the market implied cost-of-capital, and the cost of equity can then be backed-out. [1]
The analogy with options arises in that limited liability protects equity investors: (i) where the value of the firm is less than the value of the outstanding debt, shareholders may, and therefore would, choose not to repay the firm's debt; (ii) where firm value is greater than debt value, the shareholders would choose to repay—i.e. exercise ...