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The RANKL-RANK-OPG axis (OPG stands for osteoprotegerin) is an example of an important signaling system functioning both in bone [6] and immune cell communication. RANKL is expressed on osteoblasts and activated T cells, whereas RANK is expressed on osteoclasts, and dendritic cells (DCs), both of which can be derived from myeloid progenitor cells.
The BMPs bind to the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPR2). Some of the proteins of the BMP family are BMP4 and BMP7. BMP4 promotes bone formation, causes cell death, or signals the formation of epidermis, depending on the tissue it is acting on. BMP7 is crucial for kidney development, sperm synthesis, and neural tube polarization.
Osteocytes synthesize sclerostin, a secreted protein that inhibits bone formation by binding to LRP5/LRP6 coreceptors and blunting Wnt signaling. [16] [7] Sclerostin, the product of the SOST gene, is the first mediator of communication between osteocytes, bone forming osteoblasts and bone resorbing osteoclasts, critical for bone remodeling. [20]
Transcription factor Sp7, also called Osterix (Osx), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SP7 gene. [5] It is a member of the Sp family of zinc-finger transcription factors [5] It is highly conserved among bone-forming vertebrate species [6] [7] It plays a major role, along with Runx2 and Dlx5 in driving the differentiation of mesenchymal precursor cells into osteoblasts and ...
It is attached at the rear to the hyoid bone, situated below the oral level in the pharynx. In humans, the tongue has an almost circular sagittal (midline) contour, much of it lying vertically down an extended pharynx, where it is attached to a hyoid bone in a lowered position. Partly as a result of this, the horizontal (inside-the-mouth) and ...
The expression is thought to have originated with the Bloods, a gang that originated in Los Angeles, who wanted to avoid using "crazy" because it started with the letter "c," which they associated ...
Individuals with prostate cancer show a higher CPNE1 expression and this expression is affiliated with the stage and prognosis of patients with prostate cancer. This happens mechanistically when CPNE1 interacts with TRAF-2 (regulates a variety of different physiological roles, from inflammatory responses and T and B signalling to organogenesis ...
A Florida man is accused of killing his estranged girlfriend by stabbing her up to 70 times during a break-in Friday – exactly one month after he was nabbed for assaulting the victim and ordered ...