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  2. Torus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus

    Poloidal direction (red arrow) and toroidal direction (blue arrow) A torus of revolution in 3-space can be parametrized as: [2] (,) = (+ ⁡) ⁡ (,) = (+ ⁡) ⁡ (,) = ⁡. using angular coordinates , [,), representing rotation around the tube and rotation around the torus' axis of revolution, respectively, where the major radius is the distance from the center of the tube to the center of ...

  3. Homeomorphism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeomorphism

    This illustrates that a coffee mug and a donut are homeomorphic. In mathematics and more specifically in topology , a homeomorphism ( from Greek roots meaning "similar shape", named by Henri Poincaré ), [ 2 ] [ 3 ] also called topological isomorphism , or bicontinuous function , is a bijective and continuous function between topological spaces ...

  4. Clifford torus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_torus

    It is further known as a Euclidean 2-torus (the "2" is its topological dimension); figures drawn on it obey Euclidean geometry [clarification needed] as if it were flat, whereas the surface of a common "doughnut"-shaped torus is positively curved on the outer rim and negatively curved on the inner.

  5. List of mathematical shapes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_shapes

    Table of Shapes Section Sub-Section Sup-Section Name Algebraic Curves ¿ Curves ¿ Curves: Cubic Plane Curve: Quartic Plane Curve: Rational Curves: Degree 2: Conic Section(s) Unit Circle: Unit Hyperbola: Degree 3: Folium of Descartes: Cissoid of Diocles: Conchoid of de Sluze: Right Strophoid: Semicubical Parabola: Serpentine Curve: Trident ...

  6. Toroid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroid

    In mathematics, a toroid is a surface of revolution with a hole in the middle. The axis of revolution passes through the hole and so does not intersect the surface. [1] For example, when a rectangle is rotated around an axis parallel to one of its edges, then a hollow rectangle-section ring is produced.

  7. Mathematicians Casually Discovered 2 New Infinities - AOL

    www.aol.com/mathematicians-casually-discovered-2...

    Scientists and mathematicians have spent decades debating the nature of infinity, and have known for more than a century that there’s more than one kind. For example, one infinity—the one most ...

  8. Homotopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotopy

    A homotopy between two embeddings of the torus into : as "the surface of a doughnut" and as "the surface of a coffee mug".This is also an example of an isotopy.. Formally, a homotopy between two continuous functions f and g from a topological space X to a topological space Y is defined to be a continuous function: [,] from the product of the space X with the unit interval [0, 1] to Y such that ...

  9. Genus (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus_(mathematics)

    In layman's terms, the genus is the number of "holes" an object has ("holes" interpreted in the sense of doughnut holes; a hollow sphere would be considered as having zero holes in this sense). [3] A torus has 1 such hole, while a sphere has 0. The green surface pictured above has 2 holes of the relevant sort. For instance: