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Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, margosa, nimtree or Indian lilac, [3] is a tree in the mahogany family Meliaceae. It is one of the two species in the genus Azadirachta . It is native to the Indian subcontinent and to parts of Southeast Asia , but is naturalized and grown around the world in tropical and subtropical areas.
Azadirachtin interferes with a wide variety of insect pathways. [15]The substance acts as an insect growth regulator.It antagonizes both ecdysteroid (mainly 20E) and juvenile hormone activities by reducing secretion of prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) and allatotropins from the corpus cardiacum complex.
The tetranortriterpenoid class of naturally occurring organic compounds, of which the most noted compound is azadirachtin, extracted from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) that displays insecticidal properties.
Formulations that include neem oil have found wide usage as a biopesticide for horticulturists [4] and for organic farming, as it repels a wide variety of insect pests including mealy bugs, beet armyworms, aphids, cabbage worms, thrips, whiteflies, mites, fungus gnats, beetles, moth larvae, mushroom flies, leaf miners, caterpillars, locusts, nematodes and Japanese beetles.
The genus Azadirachta was established by Adrien-Henri de Jussieu in 1830. [1] In 1753, Carl Linnaeus had described two species, Melia azedarach and Melia azadirachta. [3] De Jussieu considered Melia azadirachta to be sufficiently different from Melia azedarach to be placed in a new genus, Azadirachta, as Azadirachta indica. [4]
Azadirachta indica [5] is the most notable source of gedunin, but it has also been found in the following plants: Cedrela fissilis [6] Cedrela odorata [7] [8] Cedrela salvadorensis [9] Entandrophragma angolense [10] Khaya grandifoliola [11] Melia azedarach [12] Toona sinensis [13] [14] Xylocarpus granatum [15] [16]
The fully grown tree has a rounded crown, and commonly measures 7–12 metres (20–40 feet) tall, exceptionally 45 m (150 ft). [7]The leaves are up to 50 centimetres (20 inches) long, alternate, long-petioled, two or three times compound (odd-pinnate); the leaflets are dark green above and lighter green below, with serrate margins.
Microbacterium azadirachtae is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus Microbacterium which has been isolated from the rhizoplane of the plant Azadirachta indica from the Botanical Garden of Coimbatore in India. [1] [2] [4] Microbacterium azadirachtae can promote plant growth by producing phytohormones. [4] [5]