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An arterial blood gas (ABG) test, or arterial blood gas analysis (ABGA) measures the amounts of arterial gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. An ABG test requires that a small volume of blood be drawn from the radial artery with a syringe and a thin needle , [ 1 ] but sometimes the femoral artery in the groin or another site is used.
A blood gas test or blood gas analysis tests blood to measure blood gas tension values, it also measures blood pH, and the level and base excess of bicarbonate.The source of the blood is reflected in the name of each test; arterial blood gases come from arteries, venous blood gases come from veins and capillary blood gases come from capillaries. [1]
The original test proposed by Allen is performed as follows: [1] The patient is asked to clench both fists tightly for 1 minute at the same time. Pressure is applied over the radial and ulnar arteries simultaneously so as to occlude them. The patient then opens the fingers of both hands rapidly, and the examiner compares the colour of both.
P a O 2 can be obtained from the arterial blood gas analysis and P A O 2 is calculated using the alveolar gas equation. [8] An abnormally low hematocrit (volume percentage of red blood cells) may indicate anemia. X-rays or CT scans of the chest and airways can reveal abnormalities that may affect ventilation or perfusion. [95]
Pulmonary edema (British English: oedema), also known as pulmonary congestion, is excessive fluid accumulation in the tissue or air spaces (usually alveoli) of the lungs. [1] This leads to impaired gas exchange , most often leading to shortness of breath ( dyspnea ) which can progress to hypoxemia and respiratory failure .
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[8]: 642 Serious hypoxemia typically occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen in blood is less than 60 mmHg (8.0 kPa), the beginning of the steep portion of the oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve, where a small decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen results in a large decrease in the oxygen content of the blood.