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Racism in sports has been a prevalent issue throughout the world. The Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) released a report in 2007 [ 1 ] stating that racial abuse and vilification are commonplace in international sports, in places such as Australia, Europe, and America.
Issues related to race and sports have been examined by scholars for a long time. [1] Among these issues are racial discrimination in sports as well as the observation that there are overrepresentations and underrepresentations of different races in different sports.
The AFL lead the way with its code and subsequently most major national sports organisations introduced their own rules. [7] These voluntary sporting rules of conduct mirror Racial Discrimination Act 1975 and the Racial Hatred Act 1995 Section 18 C.(1) that: "It is unlawful for a person to do an act, otherwise than in private, if:
Title IX's goal was to bolster sports programs and opportunities in order to ensure that more people could become active in sports; and "contrary to the myth, Title IX has not starved men's athletic programs. Since Title IX was enacted, the number of men's and women's teams has grown and the number of men and women playing sports has risen". [37]
Major figures such as Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and Rosa Parks [14] were involved in the fight against the race-based discrimination of the Civil Rights Movement. . Rosa Parks's refusal to give up her bus seat in 1955 sparked the Montgomery bus boycott—a large movement in Montgomery, Alabama, that was an integral period at the beginning of the Civil Rights Moveme
[89] [90] [91] Some scholars consider modern racism to be characterized by an explicit rejection of stereotypes, combined with resistance to changing structures of discrimination for reasons that are ostensibly non-racial, an ideology that considers opportunity at a purely individual basis denying the relevance of race in determining individual ...
The passing of Title IX in 1972 generated a wave of female participation in athletics, as well as increased funding for female sports. Following their win of the 2015 FIFA World Cup, the US Women's Soccer Team highlighted gender discrimination in sport and brought about another movement towards achieving equal pay in sports. [3]
Recently, scholars have begun applying the framework of systemic racism to explain the experiences of racial minorities in STEM. [13] Specifically, research indicates that people of color, especially blacks, experience higher levels of discrimination, incur various microaggressions, and a lack of overall mentorship and support in STEM. [11]