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Vitamin B 12 is absorbed by a B 12-specific transport proteins or via passive diffusion. [12] Transport-mediated absorption and tissue delivery is a complex process involving three transport proteins: haptocorrin (HC), intrinsic factor (IF) and transcobalamin II (TC2), and respective membrane receptor proteins. HC is present in saliva.
In pigs it is obtained from the pylorus and beginning of the duodenum; [12] in human beings it is present in the fundus and body of the stomach. [13] The limited amount of normal human gastric intrinsic factor limits normal efficient absorption of B 12 to about 2 μg per meal, a nominally adequate intake of B 12. [14]
[4]: 50–51 Vitamin B 12 is therefore an important vitamin for the body to absorb. Despite its vital role however, vitamin B 12 is structurally very sensitive to the hydrochloric acid found in the stomach secretions, and easily denatures in that environment before it has a chance to be absorbed by the small intestine.
One of the superpowers of vitamin B12 is that it is the only water-soluble vitamin that can be stored in the human body, Kitchens points out, and it can remain stored in the liver for several years.
That includes folks with an autoimmune disorder called pernicious anemia, who are unable to absorb B12, and people who take a lot of over-the-counter stomach-acid reducers, like famotidine ...
Its main function is to absorb vitamin B 12, bile salts, and whatever products of digestion that were not absorbed by the jejunum. The ileum follows the duodenum and jejunum and is separated from the cecum by the ileocecal valve (ICV). In humans, the ileum is about 2–4 m long, and the pH is usually between 7 and 8 (neutral or slightly basic).
Vitamin B 12 cannot be produced by the human body, and must be obtained from the diet. [2] The body normally gets enough vitamin B 12 from the consumption of foods from animal sources. [2] Inadequate dietary intake of animal products such as eggs, meat, milk, fish, fowl (and some type of edible algae) can result in a deficiency state. [134]
While lower levels of vitamin B12 are associated with higher BMI and body fat, taking vitamin B12 supplements didn’t change body composition over the long term. More research is needed on the ...
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