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Turner syndrome (TS), commonly known as 45,X, or 45,XO, [note 1] is a chromosomal disorder in which cells have only one X chromosome or are partially missing an X chromosome (sex chromosome monosomy) leading to the complete or partial deletion of the pseudoautosomal regions (PAR1, PAR2) in the affected X chromosome.
It is a feature of Turner syndrome [1] (only found in girls) and Noonan syndrome, [2] as well as the rarer Klippel–Feil syndrome, [3] or Diamond–Blackfan anemia. [ 4 ] References
Turner syndrome is usually not diagnosed until a delayed onset of puberty with Müllerian structures found to be in infantile stage. [4] Physical phenotypic characteristics include short stature, dysmorphic features and lymphedema at birth. [23] Comorbidities include heart defects, vision and hearing problems, diabetes, and low thyroid hormone ...
Dr. John Opitz, a former student of Noonan's, first began to call the condition "Noonan syndrome" when he saw children who looked like those whom Dr. Noonan had described. Noonan produced a paper titled "Hypertelorism with Turner Phenotype" in 1968 where she studied 19 patients who displayed symptoms indicative of Noonan's Syndrome. [47]
The following is a list of genetic disorders and if known, type of mutation and for the chromosome involved. Although the parlance "disease-causing gene" is common, it is the occurrence of an abnormality in the parents that causes the impairment to develop within the child.
Turner syndrome (Ullrich-Turner syndrome and gonadal dysgenesis) – a condition that describes a female born with only one X chromosome or with an abnormal X chromosome, making her karotype 45,X0. It occurs in 1 in 2,000 to 5,000 females. [ 61 ]
Almost all women with regular Turner syndrome are sterile, but those with 47,XXX cell lines are typically fertile. [29] Although women with trisomy X have lower IQs than the general population and women with Turner syndrome do not, intellectual disability does not appear to be more common in the mosaic than for non-mosaic Turner's. [ 30 ]
Individuals with Turner syndrome may have short stature, dysmorphic features, gonadal dysgenesis, and delayed puberty. [5] Other signs and symptoms associated with HH consist of intellectual disability or learning difficulties and delayed puberty including amenorrhea and absent breast and pubic hair development. [5]