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the Kappa number, indicating lignin content in pulp; represents: the Von Kármán constant, describing the velocity profile of turbulent flow; the kappa curve, a two-dimensional algebraic curve; the condition number of a matrix in numerical analysis; the connectivity of a graph in graph theory; curvature
Mathematics and statistics. In set theory, kappa is often used to denote an ordinal that is also a cardinal. Chemistry. In chemistry, kappa is used to denote the denticity of the compound. In pulping, the kappa number represents the amount of an oxidizing agent required for bleaching a pulp.
Cohen's kappa measures the agreement between two raters who each classify N items into C mutually exclusive categories. The definition of is =, where p o is the relative observed agreement among raters, and p e is the hypothetical probability of chance agreement, using the observed data to calculate the probabilities of each observer randomly selecting each category.
Latin and Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities.
The kappa curve was first studied by Gérard van Gutschoven around 1662. In the history of mathematics, it is remembered as one of the first examples of Isaac Barrow's application of rudimentary calculus methods to determine the tangent of a curve. Isaac Newton and Johann Bernoulli continued the studies of this curve subsequently.
Kappa calculus arose out of efforts by Lambek [3] to formulate an appropriate analogue of functional completeness for arbitrary categories (see Hermida and Jacobs, [4] section 1). Hasegawa later developed kappa calculus into a usable (though simple) programming language including arithmetic over natural numbers and primitive recursion. [ 1 ]
In the mathematics of transfinite numbers, an ineffable cardinal is a certain kind of large cardinal number, introduced by Jensen & Kunen (1969). In the following definitions, κ {\displaystyle \kappa } will always be a regular uncountable cardinal number .
As the number of these sorts has remarkably increased in modern mathematics, the Greek alphabet and some Hebrew letters are also used. According to Donald Knuth's TeXbook, in mathematical formulas , the standard typeface is italic type for Latin letters and lower-case Greek letters, and upright type for upper case Greek letters.