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Whether or not a rational number has a terminating expansion depends on the base. For example, in base-10 the number 1/2 has a terminating expansion (0.5) while the number 1/3 does not (0.333...). In base-2 only rationals with denominators that are powers of 2 (such as 1/2 or 3/16) are terminating.
For x > 1 let π 0 (x) = π(x) − 1 / 2 when x is a prime number, and π 0 (x) = π(x) otherwise. Bernhard Riemann, in his work On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude, proved that π 0 (x) is equal to [9] Riemann's explicit formula using the first 200 non-trivial zeros of the zeta function
For instance, the rational numbers , , and are written as 0.1, 3.71, and 0.0044 in the decimal fraction notation. [100] Modified versions of integer calculation methods like addition with carry and long multiplication can be applied to calculations with decimal fractions. [ 101 ]
This form of fraction remained in use for centuries. [27] [30] Positional decimal fractions appear for the first time in a book by the Arab mathematician Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi written in the 10th century. [31] The Jewish mathematician Immanuel Bonfils used decimal fractions around 1350 but did not develop any notation to represent them. [32]
The general form of its probability density function is [2] [3] = (). The parameter μ {\textstyle \mu } is the mean or expectation of the distribution (and also its median and mode ), while the parameter σ 2 {\textstyle \sigma ^{2}} is the variance .
For example, with an annual growth rate of 4.8% the doubling time is 14.78 years, and a doubling time of 10 years corresponds to a growth rate between 7% and 7.5% (actually about 7.18%). When applied to the constant growth in consumption of a resource, the total amount consumed in one doubling period equals the total amount consumed in all ...
The number π (/ p aɪ /; spelled out as "pi") is a mathematical constant, approximately equal to 3.14159, that is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.It appears in many formulae across mathematics and physics, and some of these formulae are commonly used for defining π, to avoid relying on the definition of the length of a curve.
However, when (n + 1)p is an integer and p is neither 0 nor 1, then the distribution has two modes: (n + 1)p and (n + 1)p − 1. When p is equal to 0 or 1, the mode will be 0 and n correspondingly. These cases can be summarized as follows: